tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51354547935910409612024-02-19T11:46:09.825+08:00情緒腦 (Emotional Brain)生物學是研究生命現象與生物活動規律的科學,其中探討人類大腦活動與認知行為的學問一直是個複雜的知識概念。本網站的目的是希望透過文本、圖表、動畫和影片等多元化教材呈現方式,開啟人類奧秘的腦世界與複雜的情緒反應,進而認識情緒的腦機制,增進理解大腦與身體的生理現象和交互關係。iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-29490852697627275302011-02-23T10:40:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:45:49.641+08:00杏仁核之歌<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5p7EnmSxmiQEPd4x0fGbgYVZdW-VyWMNvfp8pcaX6lMGhJIkGXV2czLZAK9paqWTheAEqyFGywZVBL2OhIwnh40XEkQpgxmYfra8hH5ntr6daZlShAwyKazXAfHwPgze3WnUdqWq8Bbs/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25286%2529_%25E6%259D%258F%25E4%25BB%2581%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%25AD%258C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5p7EnmSxmiQEPd4x0fGbgYVZdW-VyWMNvfp8pcaX6lMGhJIkGXV2czLZAK9paqWTheAEqyFGywZVBL2OhIwnh40XEkQpgxmYfra8hH5ntr6daZlShAwyKazXAfHwPgze3WnUdqWq8Bbs/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25286%2529_%25E6%259D%258F%25E4%25BB%2581%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%25AD%258C.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-63802585709744972582011-02-23T10:36:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:48:56.752+08:00多大的腦才夠用?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFdqAGzoY-eRRJ6in7ORtXSwc_MXyiO5kKhSLt31mIReD_XO6vkgfJbW7KCLdXYHzco1tucwvVE7cX4M9SfqlHJ9x8cale9vYy7zs-vMnLAEUwO_mEkG1Tx4Y2vXlRYny5xu2DfS8_k_k/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25287%2529_%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%2589%258D%25E5%25A4%25A0%25E7%2594%25A8%25EF%25BC%259F.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFdqAGzoY-eRRJ6in7ORtXSwc_MXyiO5kKhSLt31mIReD_XO6vkgfJbW7KCLdXYHzco1tucwvVE7cX4M9SfqlHJ9x8cale9vYy7zs-vMnLAEUwO_mEkG1Tx4Y2vXlRYny5xu2DfS8_k_k/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25287%2529_%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%2589%258D%25E5%25A4%25A0%25E7%2594%25A8%25EF%25BC%259F.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzcrnwmzm3KI7gC9SzpdsPsVKY-GDoEB6QdtTVWUEA2DYb3pzNujUJBYFGziN8L2dSmsAuX-JwoXctoVpd6Hg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-17425149387611985862011-02-23T10:32:00.002+08:002011-02-24T11:35:46.256+08:00神經系統-腦 (Human Anatomy - Brain)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBS_cZb8qTFDp5TXU__mb9zVYVBQ1Qx6lmh43RqOL_iOpS06H8pE7gX0f9oLJCGXDCzhPIGFnVezn6YTkXkXQagKQizhWnLbERtLVsKyS1J52I_8GJrXYe9a1aR4RjrvLaFlLwswwYVU/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25285%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1-%25E8%2585%25A6%2528Human+Anatomy+-+Brain%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBS_cZb8qTFDp5TXU__mb9zVYVBQ1Qx6lmh43RqOL_iOpS06H8pE7gX0f9oLJCGXDCzhPIGFnVezn6YTkXkXQagKQizhWnLbERtLVsKyS1J52I_8GJrXYe9a1aR4RjrvLaFlLwswwYVU/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25285%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1-%25E8%2585%25A6%2528Human+Anatomy+-+Brain%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-50549101464022570652011-02-23T10:30:00.002+08:002011-02-25T17:07:58.830+08:00大腦結構與功能 (Brain Anatomy and Functions)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp8DX3aQ1XRMMfmuGjb0did7qB2IjvOlPXq3pGlEjNhQOAJJX0-5L0ArvyVeIM6Xk2uI-ZvPHMct9ovlxyrVkfNmjNW6C5DSw4feUvvnjWEzuEiEWvv-UQJSPjfszfNiBk_N_4Jvu3jw8/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258A%259F%25E8%2583%25BD%2528Brain+Anatomy+and+Functions%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp8DX3aQ1XRMMfmuGjb0did7qB2IjvOlPXq3pGlEjNhQOAJJX0-5L0ArvyVeIM6Xk2uI-ZvPHMct9ovlxyrVkfNmjNW6C5DSw4feUvvnjWEzuEiEWvv-UQJSPjfszfNiBk_N_4Jvu3jw8/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%258A%259F%25E8%2583%25BD%2528Brain+Anatomy+and+Functions%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-15238190109709228522011-02-23T10:25:00.002+08:002011-02-25T17:08:22.150+08:00大腦立體圖 (3D Brain Image)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOjVX-ShWF13Qdgt0HjBIhojbXb-sb2xGK820-M0iUAZkpbkuzVQiND2jEcaMUdsIqCU_qjPtv7aojocGVUBs_Wcqre2GFwiHqPXa-4ukCAqriw_lwC4YInulUT3Z4AqE1mXvD6jhk_v4/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25283%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25AB%258B%25E9%25AB%2594%25E5%259C%2596%25283D+Brain+Image%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOjVX-ShWF13Qdgt0HjBIhojbXb-sb2xGK820-M0iUAZkpbkuzVQiND2jEcaMUdsIqCU_qjPtv7aojocGVUBs_Wcqre2GFwiHqPXa-4ukCAqriw_lwC4YInulUT3Z4AqE1mXvD6jhk_v4/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25283%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25AB%258B%25E9%25AB%2594%25E5%259C%2596%25283D+Brain+Image%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-51362748237953087142011-02-23T10:21:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:50:12.386+08:00大腦內部結構 (brain 3d)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3l4w7ZA54r8AoeX4CjDAl5ap4bVYiOImXx-N_NLyEYFZakAqHZ_ctr_AavMOWM3uKU7jtg8U26ymG52jU5plNEQqEyOQlOgj62zvcbzelJrc-_DoZdKgXY849KKWexPyn0SoG9-3DVuo/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25282%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E5%2585%25A7%25E9%2583%25A8%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%2528brain+3d%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3l4w7ZA54r8AoeX4CjDAl5ap4bVYiOImXx-N_NLyEYFZakAqHZ_ctr_AavMOWM3uKU7jtg8U26ymG52jU5plNEQqEyOQlOgj62zvcbzelJrc-_DoZdKgXY849KKWexPyn0SoG9-3DVuo/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25282%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E5%2585%25A7%25E9%2583%25A8%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%2528brain+3d%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-39614142389573455012011-02-23T10:18:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:47:56.348+08:00神經系統 (The Nervous System)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGON4gR_AAzRITX4D8plz5xie46WiS9VVVXUholznxcZ9_WFOG5OmtOCAxvNu49F-AzJvMDH-BemjKATzB4KZZeMl0-YGh6jjzSdc6so3Un76Ymfwfa3m5YsulUZhN2mO0BVAiAR8K5jA/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1%2528The+Nervous+System%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGON4gR_AAzRITX4D8plz5xie46WiS9VVVXUholznxcZ9_WFOG5OmtOCAxvNu49F-AzJvMDH-BemjKATzB4KZZeMl0-YGh6jjzSdc6so3Un76Ymfwfa3m5YsulUZhN2mO0BVAiAR8K5jA/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E7%2589%2587%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1%2528The+Nervous+System%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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<table border="0" style="width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="290"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj6sMC5r1fwtkgr0HfgIC5jlhEzVR1QS636yp3kKCnceV52HUzjZllkIDtpqah6MyAJprGwSDpnoJNcDh4d5BD6guCJXgtLDJVW5KoA_AQY9IHBU6MjO0iXuhD9p_eSSChRuhoRSVRHBM/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25287%2529_%25E7%2594%25B7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%2590%258C+7-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" l6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj6sMC5r1fwtkgr0HfgIC5jlhEzVR1QS636yp3kKCnceV52HUzjZllkIDtpqah6MyAJprGwSDpnoJNcDh4d5BD6guCJXgtLDJVW5KoA_AQY9IHBU6MjO0iXuhD9p_eSSChRuhoRSVRHBM/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25287%2529_%25E7%2594%25B7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%2590%258C+7-1.png" /></span></a></div></td><td width="290"><ul><li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt;">大腦結構不同</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt;">男性與女性的大腦,每個腦葉都有解剖上的差異。例如,哈佛大學醫學院的哥德斯坦與同事等人的研究,測量了一些皮質區域的體積,並估算出每個區域佔整個腦容量的相對比例。結果發現,在比例上確實在某些區域女人較大(紅色),另某些區域則男人較大(藍色)。</span><br />
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<tr><td width="290"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-bhOS2766wmRKVoFaiCqigcg7UHkBtVy1TFiGCUIKfcXyonZRpeXvuQ9wCv6dKB5vhsw0nIWRtKaFJo5h1ih0y40o5-0EI558xaisz5wdETS4g0LEK1jFoQMnEFobvGFeabawFwSemO8/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25287%2529_%25E7%2594%25B7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%2590%258C+7-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" l6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-bhOS2766wmRKVoFaiCqigcg7UHkBtVy1TFiGCUIKfcXyonZRpeXvuQ9wCv6dKB5vhsw0nIWRtKaFJo5h1ih0y40o5-0EI558xaisz5wdETS4g0LEK1jFoQMnEFobvGFeabawFwSemO8/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25287%2529_%25E7%2594%25B7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25B8%258D%25E5%2590%258C+7-2.png" /></span></a></div></td><td width="290"><ul><li><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt;">情緒反應不同</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt;">由加拿大馬吉爾大學狄克西的團隊所拍攝的大腦正子斷層掃描PET照片,顯示男性腦的血清素生成速率相較於女性快。血清素是腦中的一種神經傳導物質,會影響正負向情緒的改變,因此這個發現或許可以解釋女性比男性更容易情緒低落陷入憂鬱的事實。</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">【資料來源:科學人雜誌,2005年6月號】</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-68172298416038253062011-02-22T23:52:00.004+08:002011-03-05T23:28:12.116+08:00自主神經系統的神經傳導物質<h1 style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">自主神經系統的神經傳導物質</h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7MUOUjb_FdXNMs6XzTJdEYj_PghHaHFcqfi7dPCGrPlDF7Wllv8qjqa5_sJtNm8824zWFnsLjjUgCoDDBQ-lkDA1L4BUortsaKs8Yv6xx8pbwCvMuOeafigp2Oi3QYck-Xi5ZEbdL5kY/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25286%2529_%25E8%2587%25AA%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E5%2582%25B3%25E5%25B0%258E%25E7%2589%25A9%25E8%25B3%25AA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7MUOUjb_FdXNMs6XzTJdEYj_PghHaHFcqfi7dPCGrPlDF7Wllv8qjqa5_sJtNm8824zWFnsLjjUgCoDDBQ-lkDA1L4BUortsaKs8Yv6xx8pbwCvMuOeafigp2Oi3QYck-Xi5ZEbdL5kY/s320/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25286%2529_%25E8%2587%25AA%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E5%2582%25B3%25E5%25B0%258E%25E7%2589%25A9%25E8%25B3%25AA.png" width="320" /></a></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt;">自主神經系統可分為交感神經與副交感神經系統。上圖介紹自主神經系統中的神經傳導物質,ACh=乙醯膽鹼;NE=正腎上腺素;E=腎上腺素。釋放乙醯膽鹼的神經稱為膽鹼性神經,釋放正腎上腺素者稱為腎上腺素神經。腎上腺髓質可分泌腎上腺素(85%)和正腎上腺素(15%)並作為激素進入血液。</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-30062650468569017942011-02-22T23:50:00.004+08:002011-03-05T23:30:01.060+08:00大腦皮質(Cerebral Cortex)<h1 style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">大腦皮質(Cerebral Cortex)</h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB45z008UcKMaC8g1Q7sbiU1QGvjadZKbbryyQsHda1hWqeXeytyi4sanKU708-H4mJVwzsNriOcsv5Ed8YbqU0b1YQphl02VLg1VZuuWyf2MIcl2MKaBl1QlnTn-2iblRDB-FjhD3q_I/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25285%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%25AE%25E8%25B3%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258A%259F%25E8%2583%25BD.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" l6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB45z008UcKMaC8g1Q7sbiU1QGvjadZKbbryyQsHda1hWqeXeytyi4sanKU708-H4mJVwzsNriOcsv5Ed8YbqU0b1YQphl02VLg1VZuuWyf2MIcl2MKaBl1QlnTn-2iblRDB-FjhD3q_I/s320/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25285%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%25AE%25E8%25B3%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258A%259F%25E8%2583%25BD.png" width="320" /></a></div><a name='more'></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">由功能來分類,大腦皮質可分為下列各區域:</span><br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">大腦皮質區</span></strong></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">功能</span></strong></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">前額葉皮質區 (Prefrontal Cortex)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">解決問題, 情緒</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">運動聯合區 (Motor Association Cortex)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">調控複雜的運動</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">主要運動皮質區 (Primary Motor Cortex)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">啟始自主性運動</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">主要體覺皮質區 (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">接收來自身體各部位的觸覺資訊</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">感覺聯合區 (Sensory Association Area)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">處理各種感覺訊息</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">視覺聯合區 (Visual Association Area)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">處理複雜的視覺訊號</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">視覺皮質區 (Visual Cortex)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">偵測較為簡單的視訊刺激</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">韋尼克氏區 (Wernicke's Area)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">語言的理解</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">聽覺聯合區 (Auditory Association Area)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">處理複雜的聽覺訊號</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">聽覺皮質區 (Auditory Cortex)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">音質的偵測 (聲音大小、音質)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="51%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">布洛卡氏區 (Speech Center (Broca's Area)</span></div></td><td valign="top" width="48%"><div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">語言的啟始中心</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, size: 12pt;">【資料來源:http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/】</span>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-71581056468526967642011-02-22T23:48:00.004+08:002011-03-02T23:35:38.251+08:00大腦的四個腦葉<div style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">大腦的四個腦葉</div><table border="0" style="width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: 新細明體; size: 12pt;"><strong>大腦</strong>被分成成左、右兩個半球,這兩個半球在構造上相似,劃分為四個區域,稱為葉(lobe)。位於頭部前方額頭附近的是<strong>額葉</strong>,主要負責認知思考與決策。位於頭頂的是<strong>頂葉</strong>,負責運動感覺的體覺功能。在後腦勺的是<strong>枕葉</strong>,負責視覺功能。頭部兩側靠近耳朵的是<strong>顳葉</strong>,主要是聽覺功能。</span></td><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKTZUCG7nopjZokXyv9xYZhcudz-ph-12lWoW_aYF4hFsuFIJniugtaoAw_tPWfHB973F6WWRP2DN6ziZjs2zfBovI-X9TU_0YbeDukLE055cmDuupr538eZEdxZda0lOSyT38O-yhNSk/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2580%258B%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%2591%2589+4-1.png" imageanchor="1"><img alt="" border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKTZUCG7nopjZokXyv9xYZhcudz-ph-12lWoW_aYF4hFsuFIJniugtaoAw_tPWfHB973F6WWRP2DN6ziZjs2zfBovI-X9TU_0YbeDukLE055cmDuupr538eZEdxZda0lOSyT38O-yhNSk/s320/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2580%258B%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%2591%2589+4-1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaY-X8DQTEUbzrha-RyiULjzi4PDJgh2Xa2Csqe_gYe2r2pXNCK7-PArxpTX2BfpOsnmEirpdeH7jkCXI1wHsNvLUH6i5z3gk98xZYXd6HywqQGoeholSHwvDiikhYGi9iL7ufh__9KF0/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2580%258B%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%2591%2589+4-2.png" imageanchor="1"><a name='more'></a><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaY-X8DQTEUbzrha-RyiULjzi4PDJgh2Xa2Csqe_gYe2r2pXNCK7-PArxpTX2BfpOsnmEirpdeH7jkCXI1wHsNvLUH6i5z3gk98xZYXd6HywqQGoeholSHwvDiikhYGi9iL7ufh__9KF0/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2580%258B%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%2591%2589+4-2.png" /><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzCJDLBvB0Y9he4Efr3TXqWlkHPKyqeV0xmDU4svDOTvZMmXD93W9b90os4QsIKeRzVKPo7Tn00MEhyphenhyphenfXSmaPuIt7CBRSy5Sh9ICR50fhJIdktXiRKpe-H-rf_FjBnb8iEOIaIgH9kvj0/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2580%258B%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%2591%2589+4-3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" l6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzCJDLBvB0Y9he4Efr3TXqWlkHPKyqeV0xmDU4svDOTvZMmXD93W9b90os4QsIKeRzVKPo7Tn00MEhyphenhyphenfXSmaPuIt7CBRSy5Sh9ICR50fhJIdktXiRKpe-H-rf_FjBnb8iEOIaIgH9kvj0/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25284%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%259B%259B%25E5%2580%258B%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%2591%2589+4-3.png" /></a></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" width="127"><br />
大腦四大區塊</td><td align="center" valign="top" width="430"><br />
功 能</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" width="127"><br />
枕 葉</td><td valign="top" width="430"><br />
視覺系統中的各個小區域碼上分辨、整合所收到的刺激。</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" width="127"><br />
顳額葉(顳葉)</td><td valign="top" width="430"><br />
聽覺,而且主管語言與長期記憶,尤其是語言的長期記憶。</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" width="127"><br />
頂 葉</td><td valign="top" width="430"><br />
前半部叫感覺運動區,主要工作是接收從身體各部位傳來的訊息,如皮膚的觸覺、肢體的姿勢變化。後半部的頂葉,繼續分析、整合傳送進來的訊息。</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="top" width="127"><br />
額 葉</td><td valign="top" width="430"><br />
腦內的行政、策劃、思考與決策中心,隨時隨地做著重要的決定。</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center"></div></a>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-38171711646988130362011-02-22T23:33:00.006+08:002011-03-17T10:31:58.528+08:00大腦結構圖<div style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><strong>大腦結構圖</strong></div><br />
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<table border="0" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left; width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top">由結構來分類,大腦可分為下列各區域:</td><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigTs3ZudoKgQ2tuRuPekcJ50fi9DiDL3kuHACbt0KnKDLQiaIRr34FefTnjpugobz6Vn8yaFRoJdaw2AYDlR3W-fVwL57e0xS3islFaRQWYou110YPEzyj3LYoQXzGtmYNZvnXOZ4zDGM/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25283%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E5%259C%2596.png" imageanchor="1"><img alt="" border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigTs3ZudoKgQ2tuRuPekcJ50fi9DiDL3kuHACbt0KnKDLQiaIRr34FefTnjpugobz6Vn8yaFRoJdaw2AYDlR3W-fVwL57e0xS3islFaRQWYou110YPEzyj3LYoQXzGtmYNZvnXOZ4zDGM/s320/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25283%2529_%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E8%2585%25A6%25E7%25B5%2590%25E6%25A7%258B%25E5%259C%2596.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div align="center"><strong>結構與功能</strong></div></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div align="center"><strong>內容</strong></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>大腦皮質 (Cerebral cortex) </div><ul type="disc"><li>思考 </li>
<li>自主性運動 </li>
<li>語言 </li>
<li>推理 </li>
<li>知覺 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>"cortex" 這個字在拉丁文中所代表的意思是 "樹皮", 這是因為大腦皮質是由神經細胞所組成厚約僅2~6公釐的組織, 左右半球的皮質區是靠胼胝體互相連接。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>小腦 (Cerebellum) </div><ul type="disc"><li>運動 </li>
<li>平衡 </li>
<li>姿勢調整 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>"cerebellum" 這個字在中所代表的意思是 "小腦", 位於腦幹的後方。 小腦和大腦皮質區一樣,也有所謂的半球結構。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>腦幹 (Brain Stem) </div><ul type="disc"><li>呼吸 </li>
<li>心跳 </li>
<li>血壓 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>腦幹指的是位於丘腦與脊髓之間的區域,其中包含了medulla, pons, tectum, reticularformation及tegmentum等部份。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>丘腦 (Thalamus) </div><ul type="disc"><li>感覺 </li>
<li>運動 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>丘腦負責接收來自感覺器官的訊號,並將之傳達至大腦皮質區。又稱視丘。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>丘腦下部 (Hypothalamus) </div><ul type="disc"><li>體溫 </li>
<li>情緒 </li>
<li>饑餓 </li>
<li>口渴 </li>
<li>心跳節奏 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>丘腦下部是人體內的溫度調節中心,可以感應體溫變化並適時給予調整。又稱下視丘。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>邊緣系統 (Limbic System) </div><ul type="disc"><li>情緒反應 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>邊緣系統包括了杏仁核(amygdala),海馬迴 (hippocampus),乳頭狀體 (mammillary bodies) 以及cingulate gyrus等區,此系統在情緒反應的控制上非常重要。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>海馬迴 (Hippocampus) </div><ul type="disc"><li>學習 </li>
<li>記憶 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>海馬迴屬於邊緣系統的一部份,在記憶和學習的腦部功能上扮演了極為重要的角色。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>基底神經結 (Basal ganglia) </div><ul type="disc"><li>運動 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>基底神經結實際上是globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen和substantia nigra等區域的總稱, 在運動協調上有著重要的角色。帕金森氏症的產生原因即是此區域發生病變所造成的。</div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="39%"><div>中腦 (midbrain) </div><ul type="disc"><li>視覺 </li>
<li>聽覺 </li>
<li>眼球運動 </li>
<li>身體運動 </li>
</ul></td><td valign="top" width="60%"><div>中腦包含了superior colliculi, inferior colliculi及red nucleus等區域。</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">【資料來源:http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/】</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-90497948286098769852011-02-22T17:07:00.004+08:002011-03-02T23:36:36.193+08:00左半腦解剖圖<div style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">左半腦解剖圖</div><br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top" width="580">腦是人體的控制中樞,它佔據著頭的上部空間,顱骨包圍著腦並有保護作用。腦的主要部分稱為大腦,它被分成兩半,分別稱左、右大腦半球。思考、學習、感覺以及發布指令的功能是覆蓋在每一腦半球的一薄層灰質中完成的。內部的白質則負起連結腦的各個部分的作用。<br />
<a name='more'></a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="165"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-rqpy9_2IffOm3k6TFwdfAbWl9HOzRHUSCQ2YhiRDXxIwSZfaPrW59vPnA613-BRxJ21TrJawayiAsA5Y402xoEBFh8SwcAfPkTdN3SOkbF90gnNsx80Orx5XcneyD-_tVj9RwOsNAAY/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25282%2529_%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%258D%258A%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E5%2589%2596%25E5%259C%2596.png" imageanchor="1"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-rqpy9_2IffOm3k6TFwdfAbWl9HOzRHUSCQ2YhiRDXxIwSZfaPrW59vPnA613-BRxJ21TrJawayiAsA5Y402xoEBFh8SwcAfPkTdN3SOkbF90gnNsx80Orx5XcneyD-_tVj9RwOsNAAY/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25282%2529_%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E5%258D%258A%25E8%2585%25A6%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E5%2589%2596%25E5%259C%2596.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">【資料來源:百度百科】</td></tr>
</tbody></table>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-47120375583516076012011-02-22T17:01:00.005+08:002011-03-05T23:37:21.695+08:00神經系統組織分類<table border="0" cellpadding="3"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="3" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><strong>神經系統組織分類</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><strong>神經系統</strong>可以分為中樞神經系統 (Central Nervous System, CNS) 和周邊神經系統(Peripheral Nervous System, PNS) 兩大類。藉由複雜的神經纖維連結這兩個神經系統, 我們才能夠因應外界的環境變化而產生適當的身體反應, 並且有思考、記憶、情緒變化的能力。</td><td width="320"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmwpt_KkVgAQzc5m-Va38TnTfjPPBItBzdJu25iptj_rJGQrDsgPeJ7gsFv5AOW1-tqY_KKJmGyB1HDHWlynGKBjPZIHJ4I2F6Zl2VM5mb7S_hoYGWvTTDc1_qOQe2YaoXLxy1rmpYmI0/s1600/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E7%25B5%2584%25E7%25B9%2594%25E5%2588%2586%25E9%25A1%259E.png" imageanchor="1"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmwpt_KkVgAQzc5m-Va38TnTfjPPBItBzdJu25iptj_rJGQrDsgPeJ7gsFv5AOW1-tqY_KKJmGyB1HDHWlynGKBjPZIHJ4I2F6Zl2VM5mb7S_hoYGWvTTDc1_qOQe2YaoXLxy1rmpYmI0/s320/%25E5%259C%2596%25E8%25A1%25A8%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E7%25B5%2584%25E7%25B9%2594%25E5%2588%2586%25E9%25A1%259E.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table><a name='more'></a><br />
<table border="1" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="20%"><strong>神經系統分類</strong></td><td width="20%"><strong>次分類</strong></td><td width="60%"><strong>內容</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="20%"><strong>中樞神經系統</strong><strong>(</strong><strong>Central Nervous System, CNS</strong><strong>)</strong></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="20%">中樞神經系統可被分為兩個部份:大腦 (brain) 和脊椎 (spinal cord)。</td><td align="left" valign="top" width="60%">1. 一個正常成人的大腦約有1.3到1.4公斤重, 其中約包含了上千億的神經細胞 (nerve cell, neuron) 以及數以兆計的神經膠質細胞 (glial cell)。<br />
2. 成年人的脊髓重約35~40公克,長約43~45公分。脊髓外圍有著堅硬的脊椎骨 (vertebral column) 作為保護以及支撐脊髓之用,其長度約有70公分。</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="20%"><strong>周邊神經系統<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(</strong><strong>Peripheral Nervous System, PNS</strong><strong>)</strong><strong></strong></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="20%">周邊神經系統也可以分為兩個主要的部份:軀體神經系統(somatic nervous system) 以及自主神經系統 (antonomic nervous system)。</td><td align="left" valign="top" width="60%">1. 軀體神經系統中的感覺神經纖維 (sensory nerve fibers) 可將身體各部份的感覺器官所搜集到的視覺、嗅覺、味覺、觸覺等資訊傳送到大腦或脊髓。而運動神經纖維 (motor nerve fibers) 則負責將中樞神經系統所下達的命令傳到骨骼肌以產生所需的運動。<br />
2. 自主神經系統包含了交感神經系統 (sympathetic nervous system) 以及副交感神經系統 (parasympathetic nervous system) 。其功能主要在於調控內臟的平滑肌運動以及內分泌腺體產生內分泌激素。</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">【資料來源:http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/】</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-90552619470255965452011-02-22T16:58:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:46:58.072+08:00自主神經系統與軀體神經系統(Autonomic and Motor Systems)<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 546px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 35.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Key Terms<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">中譯</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">註解</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(description) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">或定義</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> (definition)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 74.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 74.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Autonomic ganglia<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 74.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">自主神經節</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 74.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -1.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">節前神經元軸突與節後神經元本體或樹突相接的部位。交感神經系有三種:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(1) </span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">位於脊柱旁的交感神經節,其串連成交感神經鏈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(sympathetic chain)</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(2) </span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">節前神經元軸突位於腎上腺髓質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> (adrenal medulla)</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">,其與髓質中取代節後神經元的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">chromaffin cell</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">相接;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(3) </span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">側支神接節</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(collateral ganglia)</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">:其節前神經元軸突與位於作用器官中的節後神經元相接。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 25.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">effector organ<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">作用器官</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">接受節後神經元釋放之神經傳導物質影響的器官,如:心肌,平滑肌,腺體等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 44.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 44.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">fight-or-flight response<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">攻擊或逃避反應</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">當人體受到威脅時,交感神經系統會很快作出相對應該威脅的反應,包括心跳加速、代謝增加、血糖增加、血流加速及支氣管擴張等。</span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">lateral horn<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">側角</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">脊髓的灰質部份,此部份是自律節前神經元起源與延伸出來的部位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">motor neuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">運動神經元</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">運動神經元將中樞的衝動傳到骨骼肌,引發身體某些部位的運動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 60.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">neuromuscular junction<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經肌肉接點</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">每一個運動神經元軸突與骨骼肌纖維相接之處,是一種末梢型的突觸,其興奮性的傳遞物質是乙醯膽鹼。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 48.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">postganglionic neuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">節後神經元</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">自主神經系統中,接受節前神經元之神經傳導物質作用的神經元,其能控制作用器官。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 39.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 39.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">preganglionic neuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">節前神經元</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">自主神經系統具有兩格傳出神經元,以控制作用器官,其中由脊髓傳出的第一個神經元,稱為節前神經元,會將訊息傳至第二個神經元,則稱節後神經元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Terminal bouton<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">終端隆起</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -1.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經元軸突末端的棒狀膨大處,內含許多具有神經傳導物質的突觸小體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(synaptic vesicles)</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 60.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Vagus nerve</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">CN X</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">迷走神經</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(第十對腦神經)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -1.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">第十對腦神經,同時含有感覺和運動神經纖維,為脊椎動物副交感神經系統中的重要部分。此神經傳出後會於神經節處分支,分別作用於心臟、呼吸道和腸道的大部分,為一種分散性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(divergency)</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經支配,以影響不同的作用器官,所以它是屬於具有廣效應的神經。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 32.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.55pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Visceral reflex<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 79.95pt;" valign="top" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">內臟反射作用</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-right: -1.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-right: -.11gd;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">身體內的臟器因應體內狀態的改變而自動產生變化的反應。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">【資料來源:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Germann, W. J. & Stanfield, C. L. 2005. Principle of Human Physiology (2<sup>nd</sup>). Publishing as Benjamin Cummings.</span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-18496002679795767842011-02-22T16:56:00.004+08:002011-03-01T20:31:10.054+08:00中樞神經系統(Central Nervous System;CNS)<span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri; font-size: large;">中樞神經系統(Central Nervous System;CNS)</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Key Terms</span></strong></div></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>中譯</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>註解</strong><strong>(description)</strong><strong>或定義</strong><strong>(definition)</strong></span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Association area</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>聯合區域</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">參與不同複雜訊息整合並傳出適當命令的大腦皮層 (cerebral cortex) 的區域。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Astrocyre</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>星狀細胞</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">CNS中的一種神經膠細胞 (glial cells)。此種細胞會幫助神經元獲得養分,且刺激內皮細胞(endothelial cells)間形成緊密連結 (tight junctions),而幫助血腦屏障的形成。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Basal nuclei</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>基底核</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">深埋在大腦中一群細胞本體形成的核(nucli)。對於控制隨意運動非常重要。帕金森症的發生與此區有關。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Blood-brain barricr</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>血腦屏障</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">位於血液與腦脊髓液之間的一層屏障,由大腦微血管的內皮細胞間形成緊密連結而成,只容許小的脂溶性分子通過。 </span><br />
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<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Brain</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>腦</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">腦是一個整合中心,幾乎與身體內所有的生理反應都受其控制與調節。它分為左右兩半腦,可進一步再細分為六區域:大腦、小腦、中腦、間腦、延腦和橋腦。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">brainstem</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>腦幹</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">連接前腦與小腦至脊髓的區域,由三個主要的區域組成:中腦、腦橋 (pons) 及延腦 (medulla oblongata)。腦幹具有許多核,可執行各種不同的功能;此外,12對腦神經中的10對由此處伸展出去。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Broca's area</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>布洛卡區</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">位於額葉(frontal lobe),控制語言的表達,即說與寫的能力有關。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Central nervous system (CNS)</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>中樞神經系統</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>包括大腦和脊髓。由</strong><strong>40%</strong><strong>的灰質</strong><strong>(gray matter)</strong><strong>與</strong><strong>60%</strong><strong>的白質</strong><strong>(white matter)</strong><strong>所組成,並受到頭顱骨、脊柱、腦膜、腦血屏障、和腦脊髓液的保護。</strong><strong>CNS</strong><strong>的功能包括:反射作用</strong><strong>(reflexes)</strong><strong>、隨意運動的控制</strong><strong>(voluntary motor control)</strong><strong>、語言</strong><strong>(language)</strong><strong>、睡眠</strong><strong>(sleep)</strong><strong>、情緒</strong><strong>(emotions)</strong><strong>、動機</strong><strong>(motivation)</strong><strong>、學習</strong><strong>(learning)</strong><strong>及記憶</strong><strong>(memory)</strong><strong>等。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Cerebellum</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>小腦</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">位於大腦的後背處和腦幹的上背處,是左右對稱的結構;外有皮質,內有核,與大腦相似 。其主要功能是運動的協調與平衡,並提供運動神經系統回饋調節以確保身體平順的活動。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Cerebral cortex</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>大腦皮質</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>大腦表面的一層灰質</strong><strong>(gray matter)</strong><strong>,含有神經元的細胞本體與樹突,以及形成突觸的軸突末稍。在此處會發生突觸訊息的傳導與神經的整合。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Cerebral hemisphere</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>大腦半球</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">大腦分為左、右兩半球,其間以胼胝體(corpus callosum)相連結。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Cerebrum</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>大腦</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">腦中最大的構造,包含了40%的灰質與60%的白質。其中灰質部份包括了大腦表面的大腦皮質以及皮層下的核(nuclei);大腦表面的皺褶稱為回(gyri),褶間以溝(sulci)分隔。大腦皮層為一整合中心,會將傳入的感覺訊息送到大腦皮層中不同的區域,進行聯絡與協調。大腦皮層可又分為額葉(frontal lobe)、頂葉(parietal lobe)、枕葉(occipital lobe)、顳葉(temporal lobe)。白質位於灰質內,內含軸突。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Choroid plexus</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>脈絡叢</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">由pia mater、capillaries、ependymal cells組成,是形成腦脊髓液的地方。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">circadian rhythm</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>日夜週期</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">是指大約為一天的變化週期。日夜節奏是生物體自己產生的,不是依賴外界刺激所形成的,例如體溫及睡眠節奏,內分泌激素也呈現日夜節奏變化。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">commissural fiber</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>接合神經纖維</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">將神經衝動由一側大腦半球之腦回傳到另一側大腦半球之相對腦回的神經纖維;有三群重要的結合纖維:Corpus callousm、Anterior commissure及Posterior commissure,左右大腦半球由上述三個結合纖維所連接 。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Contralateral </span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>對側</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">神經路徑的傳導由一側跨越至另一側方向進行。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Corpus callousm</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>胼胝體</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">在人和較高等哺乳動物中,連接兩側大腦半球的白色弓形神經纖維束。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Cranial nerves</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>腦神經</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">共十二對,源自腦的各部,分佈於頭部的感覺器官、肌肉、腺體、及其他器官。有的腦神經僅具有感覺神經元(第1、2、8對),有的則為運動神經元(第3、4、6、10、11、12對) ,其他則為感覺及運動神經元的混合神經(mixed nerves)。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Diencephalon</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>間腦</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">位於大腦半球的前腦部分,包含視丘和下視丘。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Electroencephalogram (EEG)</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>腦電波圖</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">利用電極去紀錄腦受到刺激的活動。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Forebrain</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>前腦</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">腦的最大與最上方的部分,分成左右兩半球 (hemispheres),由大腦和間腦組成。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Frontal lobe </span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>額葉</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>大腦半球的前部,後面是中央溝,下面是大腦外側裂。其功能包括:骨骼肌運動的控制、高智力的產生過程、語言的溝通及人格的發展等。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Occipital lobe</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>枕葉</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>位於大腦皮層後葉呈三邊的錐形。其功能包括眼部運動的整合、進行視覺影像與先前視覺經驗或其他感覺刺激間的連結、及視覺的意志性理解等。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">parietal lobe</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>頂葉</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>位於大腦皮層的上後葉及中央溝後方。其功能包括肢體感覺</strong><strong> (somatesthetic)</strong><strong>(包括皮膚與肌肉傳入的感覺)的理解、話語的理解與文字的形成以表達情緒、及構造與形狀的解釋等。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">temporal lobe</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>顳葉</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>在腦中央溝後的區域。其功能包括:聽覺的解析及聽覺與視覺經驗的儲存(即記憶)。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Hypothalamus</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>下視丘</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">位於第三腦室與腦下垂體之間。下視丘是許多臟器功能的主要調節中樞,具有調節自律系統的功能(交感與副交感調節作用)及本身會分泌許多賀爾蒙以調控腦下垂體分泌賀爾蒙的活性,其他功能還包括:飢渴、體溫、睡眠、甦醒、性喚醒、執行及情緒的表現等。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Limbic system</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>邊緣系統</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>大腦半球前端區,包括海馬回(</strong><strong>hippocampus), </strong><strong>扣帶回(cingulated gyrus), 齒狀回(dentate gyrus), </strong><strong>及</strong><strong> 杏仁核(amygdale)</strong><strong>。在許多功能方面具有重要性,包括記憶、自律功能的控制及一些有關情緒與行為的表現等。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Medulla oblongata</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>延髓</strong><strong>(</strong><strong>腦</strong><strong>)</strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">腦幹的一部分,它與脊髓連接,透過自主神經系統控制呼吸與調節心臟血管系統的中心。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Midbrain<strong> </strong></span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>中腦</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">成人大腦中由胚胎期的神經中管分化而來的中樞神經系統部分,為腦幹的最上一部分,聯繫大腦,將感覺神經元的訊息傳入大腦。其功能與視、聽、運動反射中樞、調節肌緊張與身體的運動和姿勢的維持等有關。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">thalamus</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>視丘</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">高等哺乳類(包括人類)間腦(diencephalon)內的大群核(nucli)的聚集區。其功能負責將感覺(例如冷、熱、痛覺等)轉接至大腦 (cerebrum)。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Pons</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>腦橋</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">聯繫中腦的一部份,與小腦連結。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Nerve fiber</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>神經纖維</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">指神經元的軸突。傳導神經衝動的信息,傳導速度隨纖維和髓鞘直徑的增加而加大,許多神經纖維組成一條神經 (nerve)。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">parallel processing</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>平行處理</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">經由不同的神經通路但同時傳輸相類似訊息的神經傳導方式。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">primary motor cortex</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>主運動皮質</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>位於大腦額葉區,由此發出許多下行神經路徑,傳進脊髓,參與啟動隨意性運動。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Primary somatosensory cortex</span></strong></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>主要體覺皮層</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>位於大腦皮層的頂葉,此區直接接受來自體覺系統的訊息,例如觸、壓、冷、熱、痛等皮膚感覺,及來自肌肉與內臟傳來的神經衝動。下視丘僅能接受身體大區域傳來的感覺,而精準確定刺激來源位置的能力由本區所負責。</strong><strong> </strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">reflex</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>反射</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">是構成中樞神經系統之最簡單且最基礎的活動。發生傳導與反應的過程不受大腦的控制,因此快速。人體有甚多重要機能由反射控制,如呼吸及消化等。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">REM sleep</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>快速眼球運動</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">在腦電波圖中呈現高頻率波形且眼睛呈現快速運動時的一種睡眠型態:作夢多發生在此睡眠階段,每晚會發生此種睡眠型態三至四次,每次約數分鐘,甚至超過一小時。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">spinal nerves</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>脊神經</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">由脊髓發出,共三十一對,分佈於軀幹及四肢各部,如:頸神經、胸神經、腰神經、尾神經等等。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">spinal cord</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>脊髓</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">為CNS的一部份,上連延腦,位於脊椎管內,其中的中央管(central canal)含有腦脊髓液與大腦之腦室連接。由脊髓可發出三十一對脊神經。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">slow-wave sleep (SWS)</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>慢波睡眠</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">在腦電波圖中呈現低頻率波形的一種睡眠形式,包括至少四個主要的階段。此睡眠是因網狀活化系統的活性減少所引起,且為無夢睡眠(dreamless sleep),因此亦稱為深度休息睡眠(deep restful sleep)。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">reticular formation</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>網狀組織</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">一群分散在腦幹的核之間所形成的聯繫網路,對於睡眠與甦醒週期 (sleep-wake cycles)、大腦皮層的覺醒 (arousal of the cerebral cortex) 及意識(consciousness) 等非常重要。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Wernicke`s area</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>沃爾尼克區</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">位於顳葉上後方和頂葉前側區,為發展語言理解的大腦聯合皮質區。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">Gray matter </span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>灰質</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">脊椎動物中樞神經系統的重要區域,由於缺乏髓鞘纖維而呈現灰色。詳見大腦(Cerebrum)介紹。 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top" width="187"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">White matter</span></td><td valign="top" width="156"><div align="center"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><strong>白質</strong><strong> </strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="576"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">脊椎動物中樞神經系統中的一種神經組織,其神經纖維具有髓鞘(myelin sheath),故為白色,脊髓中的白質位於灰質(grey matter)的外方,而小腦和大腦半球的白質則位於灰質外方。其組成神經徑,支持組織及血管。 </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: 微軟正黑體,Calibri;">【資料來源:Germann, W. J. & Stanfield, C. L. 2005. Principle of Human Physiology (2nd). Publishing as Benjamin Cummings.】</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-3248001150381990732011-02-22T15:38:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:43:34.400+08:00神經系統(Nervous System)<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 555px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 27.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Key </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Terms</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">中譯</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">註解</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(description)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">或</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(definition)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">定義</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Afferent neuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">傳入神經元</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">傳入神經元是指能將神經衝動由感覺器官(皮膚、舌頭)傳向中樞神經系統(腦、脊髓)的神經細胞;又稱感覺神經元。將神經衝動(訊息)由週邊末梢的感覺受器傳到中樞神經(腦和脊髓),其細胞本體位於中樞神經系統外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Efferent neuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">輸出神經元</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">傳出神經元則是指負責將神經衝動由中樞神經系統傳向作用器官<span lang="EN-US">(effector organ)</span>的神經元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Interneuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">中間神經元</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">位於中樞神經系統中且佔全身神經元數目<span lang="EN-US">90%</span>的神經細胞;此神經元接收傳入神經元的刺激訊號,經其整合後,再將命令經傳出神經元,引起反應<span lang="EN-US">(response)</span>;又可稱為聯絡神經元。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">All-or-none principle<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">全或無原則</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2';">j</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">若刺激不夠大,使膜電位去極化效應未能達到閾值時,膜電位會馬上經再極化而消失,不會引起神經衝動(即動作電位);若刺激夠強,以致膜電位去極化而達到閾值,神經元就會產生神經衝動,故神經衝動的產生方式是遵循「全或無原則」來進行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2';">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經衝動的大小與去極化刺激的強度無關,只要有足夠強度達到閾值之去極化刺激,便激發神經衝動產生,若刺激再增強也只產生大小相同的神經衝動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Autonomic nervous system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">自主神經系統</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">調節不隨意反應的週邊神經系統;此神經系統由交感及副交感兩分支系統所組成;影響心肌、平滑肌、及腺體以至全身。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Axon<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">軸突</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經元細胞本體向外延長的一部分,可將神經衝動由細胞本體傳出至下一個細胞;此突出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(processing)</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">也稱為神經纖維</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> ( nerve fiber ) </span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Axon terminal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">軸突末梢</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">軸突的終端,負責軸突釋放神經傳導物質的所在</span><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">。其</span></strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">與連結在後的細胞之間具有一狹小空隙,稱為突觸(或神經作用器聯結)</span><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">。因此,其即</span></strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">位於突觸前方,內含有許多小泡(突觸囊),內含神經傳導物質。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Cell body (soma)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">細胞本體</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經細胞中具有長形延伸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(processing)</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">及包含細胞核的部分<strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">。</span></strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Central nervous system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">中樞神經系統</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">包括大腦與脊髓,負責將接收到的<u>訊息整合</u>後傳送到各器官,同時也是掌管語言,記憶,情緒及認知的系統</span></b><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Dendrite<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">樹突</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">在神經元中負責將訊息傳入細胞體<strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">。神經細胞本體上高度分支的延伸;可以接受來自其他神經的訊息刺激。</span></strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Ganglia</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(複數)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> (ganglion</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">;單數</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經節</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">指周邊神經系統中,神經元的細胞本體聚集成團,稱神經節。神經節通常包含有感覺和運動兩種神經元的細胞體以及聯絡神經元,但也有的神經節幾乎全是感覺神經元的細胞體如背根神經節,或全為運動神經元的細胞體如交感神經節。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Glial cell<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經膠細胞</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">位於腦和脊髓中,對神經元能提供各種幫助的支持細胞,包括構造上與代謝上的協助。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Motor neuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">運動神經元</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">指軀體神經系統<span lang="EN-US">(somatic nervous system)</span>的傳出神經元,此神經元細胞本體位於中樞神經系統,軸突由脊髓<span lang="EN-US">(spinal cord)</span>的腹角<span lang="EN-US">(ventral horn)</span>延伸出來,軸突末稍則與骨骼肌形成突觸<span lang="EN-US">(synapse)</span>,因而控制骨骼肌得收縮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Myelin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">髓鞘</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">來自寡樹狀神經膠細胞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(oligodendrocytes)</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">及許旺細胞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(Schwann cells)</span><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">的一層質膜,此質膜會將神經元的軸突纏繞起來,形成絕緣區。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Nerve<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">位在周圍神經系統中由軸突集合而成的一神經纖維束,以聯繫中樞神經系統與周圍的器官。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Neuron<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經元;神經細胞</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><h1 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">構成神經系統的基本功能單位。其功能是傳遞訊息,包括接受並傳遞刺激,經整合後,再傳出命令至動器</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">(effector)</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">,做出反應。</span></strong></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"></span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">人體的神經元的數目約有<span lang="EN-US">10</span></span></strong></span></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><strong><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">11</span></sup></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">個,此細胞因特化而可分為細胞本體<span lang="EN-US">(soma)</span>、樹突<span lang="EN-US">(dendrites)</span>與軸突<span lang="EN-US">(axon)</span>等三部份,每一神經細胞直徑約<span lang="EN-US">5-100</span>μ<span lang="EN-US">m</span></span></strong></span></strong></span></span></h1></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Neurotransmitter<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經傳遞物質</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">由神經元末稍釋放出來的化學訊息者</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">(chemical messenger)</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">,作為連接神經元間或神經元與動器間的信號傳遞;不同的神經遞質對神經元或動器具有不同的影響效應。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Nodes of Ranvier<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">蘭氏結</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">指包覆在軸突上的相鄰兩</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">髓<span style="color: black;">鞘間的空隙;此區域具有高密度的電壓閥鈉離子與鉀離子通道</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(voltage-gated channels)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">,幫助動作電位的產生。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Nuclei (nucleus)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">神經核</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">中樞神經系統內,許多神經細胞本體聚集的區域。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Oligodendrocyte<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">寡樹突神經膠質細胞</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">一種位於中樞神經系統中的神經膠細胞。在中樞神經系統中,其質膜會纏繞神經元的軸突,形成髓鞘。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Peripheral nervous system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">周圍神經系統</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">此系統與中樞神經系統</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(</span></b><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">CNS</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">:包括</span></strong><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">腦與脊髓</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">)</span></b><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">共同組成神經系統。此系統含有</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">12</span></b><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">對顱神經</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(cranial nerves)</span></b><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">與</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">31</span></b><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">對脊神經</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(spinal nerves)</span></b><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">,<strong><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">負責中樞神經系統與身體其他部分間的信息傳導;通常分為運動系統和感覺系統。運動系統的神經元輸出</span></strong></span></b><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">CNS</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">的信息控制肌肉與腺體的活動;而感覺系統的神經元從感覺器官輸入信息至</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">CNS</span></strong><strong><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">。</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Schwann cell<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">許旺細胞</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">在周圍神經系統中纏繞軸突以形成髓鞘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(myelin)</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">的一種神經膠質細胞;在軸突上,一個許旺細胞只形成一個髓鞘。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Somatic nervous system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">軀體神經系統</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">人體神經系統包括中樞神經系統和周圍神經系統,周圍神經系統又分為運動系統和感覺系統;其中運動系統中又分為軀體神經系統和自主神經系統。軀體神經系統的傳出神經元控制骨骼肌肉的隨意性運動。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Sub-threshold<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">閾值下</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">刺激引起膜電位的去極化,造成膜電位上升,但並未達到閾值時的電位。因此,膜電位的變化值為低於閾值,則不足以產生動作電位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Threshold<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">閾值</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">在一個可被興奮的細胞中,細胞膜電位的改變必須達到一個臨界值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(critical value)</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">時,才足以引起細胞產生動作電位,此臨界值即稱為閾值。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">Voltage-gated channel<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">電壓閥通道</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">藉由細胞膜電位的改變,而可開啟或關閉的細胞膜上離子通道,亦可稱為電位敏感性通道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">(voltage-sensitive channel)</span><span style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;">;包括位於神經元細胞本體及樹突處的鉀和鈉離子通道,和位於軸突末稍的鈣離子通道等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-43466293368554592252011-02-22T15:24:00.003+08:002011-03-02T23:38:04.861+08:00腦<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CyNiF6kD4sTIhOJGIFEMvhS9HpjEZAHynAYECaVEktz-Mlx5xXyn-l7jZOeWjQ6Rm9rQjAdzRQ2f5V2-jBI0eLYCFPUU3dFaOc4sSIQzmyFyd_7-XAEGikdlauH69QPClOPXFdLdt9U/s1600/%25E8%2585%25A6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CyNiF6kD4sTIhOJGIFEMvhS9HpjEZAHynAYECaVEktz-Mlx5xXyn-l7jZOeWjQ6Rm9rQjAdzRQ2f5V2-jBI0eLYCFPUU3dFaOc4sSIQzmyFyd_7-XAEGikdlauH69QPClOPXFdLdt9U/s1600/%25E8%2585%25A6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CyNiF6kD4sTIhOJGIFEMvhS9HpjEZAHynAYECaVEktz-Mlx5xXyn-l7jZOeWjQ6Rm9rQjAdzRQ2f5V2-jBI0eLYCFPUU3dFaOc4sSIQzmyFyd_7-XAEGikdlauH69QPClOPXFdLdt9U/s400/%25E8%2585%25A6.gif" width="400" /></a>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-17176797268896806752011-02-22T15:23:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:41:28.551+08:00神經元的動作電位<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 21px;">動作電位</span></span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold;">(Action Potential) </span> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 20pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXa1B3_UQsV-_1ZOVoKO66UrVZj5v9gsJ_F8jDYdD8jsJbW9JEhqVneQLmEgctLvfuk5o7vcZG9IA1LxiEWUT_l0BgL-dONgkQQ9ulWEcnxGFaGOalHjmobCPKmEti8-lXEP6l4vm9tgY/s1600/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E5%2585%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258B%2595%25E4%25BD%259C%25E9%259B%25BB%25E4%25BD%258D.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXa1B3_UQsV-_1ZOVoKO66UrVZj5v9gsJ_F8jDYdD8jsJbW9JEhqVneQLmEgctLvfuk5o7vcZG9IA1LxiEWUT_l0BgL-dONgkQQ9ulWEcnxGFaGOalHjmobCPKmEti8-lXEP6l4vm9tgY/s400/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E5%2585%2583%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258B%2595%25E4%25BD%259C%25E9%259B%25BB%25E4%25BD%258D.gif" width="400" /></a></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"> 休息電位代表了細胞在休息狀態下離子分布的情形,而所謂的</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: bold;">動作電位</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">(action potential)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">則暗示出細胞在傳遞訊息時期離子游動的情形。 動作電位是由</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: bold;">去極化電流</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">(depolarizing current)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">將原本細胞的休息電位</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">(-70mV)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">往證及提昇而引發的一種膜電位的改變。</span></div><a name='more'></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">當此去極化的動作造成細胞膜電位提昇至約</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">-55mV</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">時,一個動作電位就會產生。 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">-55mV</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">這是就是所謂的</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: bold;">閥值</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">(threshold)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">電壓。如果細胞的去極化動作無法使膜電位達到此閥值就不會有動作電位的產生而一旦細胞的去極化動作將膜電位去極至此閥值,一個固定大小的動作電位就產生了。在任何一種神經細胞中其產生的動作電位大小是完全一樣的。因此,神經細胞要不去極化沒有達閥值而不引發動作電位,要不就就產生一個大小固定的一個動作電位這就是所謂的全有全無律</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">(ALL OR NONE)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">。</span></div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-26266825803161640402011-02-22T15:20:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:40:51.553+08:00釋放神經傳導物質<div style="direction: ltr; language: zh-TW; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline;">釋放神經傳導物質</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(neurotransmitter)</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline;">的動畫</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: zh-TW; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</span></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: 0pt; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; language: zh-TW; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSU_hItVozdyw5zOQSlhJ0gsqvaZhwA-3d-6jsP5ZBVG0eMM6UTGYos1u2_uX69v8aR6LsTmf2YAN-vSyu56iGZnped9b_7dkSCg2fNuZxkyr6y3jFTsvkCKzXh8g5-cBnXr258TiAv40/s1600/%25E9%2587%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E5%2582%25B3%25E5%25B0%258E%25E7%2589%25A9%25E8%25B3%25AA.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSU_hItVozdyw5zOQSlhJ0gsqvaZhwA-3d-6jsP5ZBVG0eMM6UTGYos1u2_uX69v8aR6LsTmf2YAN-vSyu56iGZnped9b_7dkSCg2fNuZxkyr6y3jFTsvkCKzXh8g5-cBnXr258TiAv40/s320/%25E9%2587%258B%25E6%2594%25BE%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E5%2582%25B3%25E5%25B0%258E%25E7%2589%25A9%25E8%25B3%25AA.gif" width="320" /></a></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14pt;">電訊號是怎麼經過一個又一個的神經細胞而傳遞下去的呢</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">?</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14pt;">答案是經由</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">突觸 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">(synapse)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14pt;">。右邊是兩個神經元細胞之間物質傳遞的動畫,神經元細胞彼此並不相連,間隔的空隙稱為突觸。當前突觸端釋放出</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">神經傳導物質</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">(neurotransmitter)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14pt;">之後, 這些化學物質便利用擴散的方式抵達後突觸區,並且和其上的受體相互結合,此時將引發一個動作電位,使得這個訊號得以傳到下一個神經細胞上傳遞物質主要透過分子的擴散作用來運作。</span></div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-26671611027325754602011-02-22T14:43:00.003+08:002011-03-05T23:26:42.457+08:00情緒的腦機制<h1 align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt;">情緒的腦機制<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">大腦訊息如何傳遞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">處在一個多變、精簡、講求效率及證據的分子醫學時代中,心理治療及行為的研究面臨了更大的挑戰。基本上,心靈(</span><span lang="EN-US">mind</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)及頭腦(</span><span lang="EN-US">brain</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)是不可分的,然而早期的臨床實務經驗及一般的學術論文卻將其分割為兩個獨立個體。</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">回顧歷史,</span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">當笛卡爾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Descartes' Rene'</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)的雙面論將人類的行為分割為心靈及頭腦後,科學家、哲學家及大眾漸漸地也習慣將其視為兩個獨立的個體,它們分別擁有個別的語言、特定的研究組群及信仰方式,雖然在理論的宣傳上兩個是不可分的,但於實際的運作,這樣的聲音是那麼地微弱。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">佛洛伊德(</span><span lang="EN-US">S. Freud</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)一生的傳奇便是個明顯的例證。以神經學、神經解剖為他學術生涯的起點,其最為人們熟悉的是有關人類行為的解析。他將其建構在與原出發基石完全無關的動態分析理論上,在他的論著中雖一再強調生物基本概念的重要性,然觀終其一生的論著始終無法找出心靈及頭腦兩者之間有任何關聯的蛛絲馬跡。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">但有趣的是,他自己的夢中依然有許多與神經科學相關聯的內容,如嗎啡與神經功能的關係。後人除了讚嘆其戲劇化的轉變及充滿創意和敏銳的觀察外,他的學說可說是「巧奪天工」般地將當代心靈及頭腦的鴻溝困境暫時化解。從另一角度而言,只因當時神經科學的技術及知識無法滿足對行為的探討,在這種時空的背景下助長了精神分析的成長,就因如此,雖然精神醫學依然留在醫學的領域中,但似乎與其它學科漸行漸遠。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">從二十世紀中葉起,當各學科紛紛進入分子醫學的領域之際,精神醫學卻仍以精神分析為其主軸。當時的精神分析理論不只涵蓋精神官能症、精神分裂症及憂鬱症,還擴及許多心身症,包括氣喘、高血壓、消化性潰瘍、糜爛性大腸炎等,以致在往後的二、三十年,當精神醫學再度回歸醫學主流的過程中,為克服前述的鴻溝,其擺盪之巨是可想而知的。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaejsGzPuMvE1Er33t82fP7Ovj2Kql_BajNP-a8B7cyc8ixo4SIKfg3yOiCb8mpJDclgQVffMR6NWdy1FcL_wlwKKCuBuwvpvsckYvsgRzieyL1olXlAemlaIpzF00jCbXgkonEPNQaZ0/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaejsGzPuMvE1Er33t82fP7Ovj2Kql_BajNP-a8B7cyc8ixo4SIKfg3yOiCb8mpJDclgQVffMR6NWdy1FcL_wlwKKCuBuwvpvsckYvsgRzieyL1olXlAemlaIpzF00jCbXgkonEPNQaZ0/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c1.png" width="236" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">情緒、感覺或任何的心靈活動是如何在大腦中運作呢?讓我們先來認識一下大腦的構造。人的大腦包含了約一百億到一兆個<b>神經元</b>。當人思考、感覺和行動時,神經元就會在腦中傳遞訊息。訊息的流動藉著電流及化學物質,以極快的速度從一個神經元傳遞到另一個神經元,其過程約為五千分之一秒的時間。這樣的速度,讓大腦可以很快地反應;例如,我們聽到笑話就笑、感到疼痛就叫痛,而不會發生如電腦動畫「停格」般現象。</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">但若是神經傳遞的過程大幅減慢,請想像這世界會變成怎樣呢?例如一個刺激的產生到疼痛呼叫的動作至少需連接</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">到</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">個神經元,若每一間隔需時一秒,則被打一下要等</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">秒後才有反應,那麼拳擊賽還會有人看嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">假如將大腦的某一區放大,將看到綿密的神經網路。大部分是結構簡單的<b>神經膠細胞</b>,其主要的功能是支持大腦中的神經元,它將所有的神經元黏合為一整體。也有人認為,神經膠細胞在放大或調整電流活動上扮演重要的功能。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">大腦活動最主要的細胞是神經元(</span><span lang="EN-US">neurons</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),它們只占大腦細胞總數的十分之一。但每一個神經元具有許多分枝,可以跟大約一萬個鄰居相連接。神經元的分枝可分為兩類:一為「<b>軸突</b>」可將訊息從細胞核往外傳送,另一為「<b>樹突</b>」則用來接受傳入神經元的訊息。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_RbdiJAT6SgnaGJK6B6dlPeoktTcrVLKR5ilXLj9xxo6MJvh3Kyni8_Z2uVkgWJpCBu0WiKQyWzZ9OQ853U2IpCkY69MMLZstZmacn2dKvWPQ2yFe1D_udyG1aBcooB4YRNy-b4pzLZU/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_RbdiJAT6SgnaGJK6B6dlPeoktTcrVLKR5ilXLj9xxo6MJvh3Kyni8_Z2uVkgWJpCBu0WiKQyWzZ9OQ853U2IpCkY69MMLZstZmacn2dKvWPQ2yFe1D_udyG1aBcooB4YRNy-b4pzLZU/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c2.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">假如更進一步觀察,會發現每一個「軸突」和「樹突」交接的地方有一個很小的間隙,這個小空隙叫做「<b>突觸</b>」。為了要讓電流通過這個空隙,軸突必須分泌出化學物質,即所謂的「<b>神經傳導物質</b>」;當神經元準備發射訊息時,神經傳導物質會釋放到突觸中,這些化學物質再啟動附近的神經細胞傳遞訊息,這樣的連環效應就會引發幾百萬個彼此相連的細胞進行同步活動。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">神經元和神經傳導物質之間的活動,是建構人類心智活動的基礎,目前精神醫學的藥物及其它相關的治療,即透過控制或影響這些神經元的活動,而達到治療的目的。舉例來說,抗憂鬱症的藥物在神經傳導物質上,主要的作用之一是強化血清激素的作用。</span>這方面的研究發展出很多新的藥物,可以幫助許多情緒低落的人迅速地改善。所謂迅速至少也要7∼30天,但比起沒服用藥物需達6∼24個月的恢復期已好很多。因此科學家認為,意識、情緒或人類種種行為的祕密就在此,或甚至在更基本的分子變化的歷程上;在腦細胞中進行極為細緻的活動。</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">大腦有兩個半球,約二千公克重,外層是很薄有皺褶的灰色組織,稱為<b>大腦皮質</b>。每一個凹下去的溝叫做<b>腦溝</b>,凸起來的部分則叫做<b>腦迴</b>。每一個人的大腦表層都有一點不同,但是主要的皺褶是每一個人都有的,只是略有差異。在整個腦部的最後面是<b>小腦</b>,其主要功能之一為平衡身體。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHa1bAl2YOZz1ZqTwMUfbAIJqhtJva3TYSNn-_yIAt9t9zdy3tZ5MK5phFOjyOGt-21XutQsVRWh4g07Lq3dZJ8GBbFAS8NByKLc9aFAdR6XE5MQuUwXZMaj0Zbgdq1u-du3yCh1I4gk/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaHa1bAl2YOZz1ZqTwMUfbAIJqhtJva3TYSNn-_yIAt9t9zdy3tZ5MK5phFOjyOGt-21XutQsVRWh4g07Lq3dZJ8GBbFAS8NByKLc9aFAdR6XE5MQuUwXZMaj0Zbgdq1u-du3yCh1I4gk/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c3.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">每一半的大腦都可分成四區,最後面是枕葉,在下面側邊(大約在耳朵的位置)是顳葉,上面是頂葉,前面是額葉。每一腦葉都有它特殊的功能,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">枕葉</b>幾乎全屬視覺處理區,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">頂葉</b>掌管動作、方向、計算和物體辨認等功能,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">顳葉</b>負責聲音和語言理解,通常是左腦部分,也與記憶的某些層面有關,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">額葉</b>是所有大腦功能的總匯合,思考形成概念執行計畫,另外也在有意識的情緒上扮演重要的角色。</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">將大腦從中間剖開,使兩個腦半球分離,會看到皮質下有複雜的神經核,是神經細胞體聚集的團塊。每一個神經核都有它自己的功能,彼此之間也由錯綜複雜的神經網路聯結。大部分的模組是灰色的,因為神經元的細胞體就是灰色的。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">連接神經核的細胞束顏色比較淡,因為神經外面包有白色的物質,叫做<b>髓鞘</b>。髓鞘的作用是絕緣,使電流可以快速沿著髓鞘流動。在大腦裡,除了中央底部的松果體以外,每一種神經核,在左右兩半球中都各有一個,遙遙相對,功能有時類似,有時互補。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEpsB4OWQi0f45A333ZOUAuwAf_L_4XQV6n8rgQ1bgAYCzKKtB1eNjlTLBJf57Bm2put8vMIOWx07WrW0AY-AnALUYVfIsV_aMPwoFqCYvyXdM4D4L9aATRlUw3jkVKMgasiPJVkDKqso/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEpsB4OWQi0f45A333ZOUAuwAf_L_4XQV6n8rgQ1bgAYCzKKtB1eNjlTLBJf57Bm2put8vMIOWx07WrW0AY-AnALUYVfIsV_aMPwoFqCYvyXdM4D4L9aATRlUw3jkVKMgasiPJVkDKqso/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c4.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">將腦半球切開,看起來最顯著的就是呈弓型白色的纖維束,叫做<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">胼胝體</b>。它是兩個半球聯結的橋梁,不斷地將訊息往返運送。在胼胝體底下的構造稱為<b>邊緣系統</b>,它包含了數個神經核,以下所談的神經核均屬於邊緣系統的一部分。這一部分的腦負責潛意識的運作,但是它對人類的經驗及生存反應有重大的影響,因為它與大腦的意識皮質間有密切的聯結,不斷地把訊息往上方的大腦輸送。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">視丘</b>是神經訊號傳入大腦前先匯總的地方。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">下視丘</b>與體內內分泌調節及食慾關係密切。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 27pt 0cm 9pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">腦與情緒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">腦是人類意識活動的指揮中心,掌管著思考、感情、行為、動作、身體各種感覺功能。其中接受情緒刺激的主要位置在<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">杏仁核</b>,是下皮質的一部分。意識情緒的產生有直接和間接兩種方式。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">直接途徑</b>是從杏仁核送往大腦皮質,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">間接途徑</b>則經過下視丘,傳送荷爾蒙訊息到身體以產生生理的改變,如肌肉收縮、血壓上升、心跳加快等。這些生理的改變又回饋到大腦的感覺皮質區,再將訊息送到額葉,額葉把這些生理改變解釋為「情緒」。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoS3eHp4NcuN9XGWyb5OvvJKIcWclu94w8fn6P3I4sdHMlhXjUvUmJj3njnk4luyjQTgc5X_ZzFt8m8DJjeacRu54RHzp4a7X-U_tfW8hOOK6Plpw-5vw9yf5UKGufPsgRQy4gP7uLnkk/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoS3eHp4NcuN9XGWyb5OvvJKIcWclu94w8fn6P3I4sdHMlhXjUvUmJj3njnk4luyjQTgc5X_ZzFt8m8DJjeacRu54RHzp4a7X-U_tfW8hOOK6Plpw-5vw9yf5UKGufPsgRQy4gP7uLnkk/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25286%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2585%25A6%25E6%25A9%259F%25E5%2588%25B6+c5.png" width="283" /></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">由此可知人類的情緒反應並不是單獨控制在邊緣系統而已,其實還包括了大腦及其它的神經核。邊緣系統到大腦皮質的通路是<b>雙向</b>的,就好像下層的衝動會影響上層意識的思維一樣,亦即人類的想法和行為也影響大腦的意識反應。但是由下往上的聯繫,也就是由邊緣系統通往皮質的通路比較多、比較大,事實上雙向公路並不是對等的,這就是為什麼許多人忍不住會生氣,或出現「不禁黯然淚下」、「情不自禁」的情境了。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">我們一直都認為情緒是一種「感覺」,但是,情緒其實不只是感覺而已,而是一組來自身體的反應以幫助生存的機制,演化出這種功能,可讓我們遠離險惡、避凶趨吉。由此可知,感覺是心智構成的要素,也是一種精密複雜的基本機制。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">人類的情緒其實很像顏色:只有幾個主要的顏色,但是也可以混合主要顏色而得出無數混合的不同顏色。一般而言不外乎厭惡、恐懼、焦慮、憂傷、憤怒和父母親子之愛。不管多複雜,這幾種情緒是所有的動物都有的。但主要情緒並不需要意識成分,因為情緒大部分與杏仁核有關,而杏仁核的運作是自主的,雖然意識可影響來自皮質的作用,但這條路徑遠小於杏仁核至皮質的路徑,故情緒可產生動作或行為,也可使一個人在完全沒有意識的意志下轉身走開或衝上前去。有的時候,這樣情緒化的後果是很糟糕的,也常事後回想對這樣衝動的事實懊悔不已(皮質的作用),然而當下就是忍不住(這就是皮質下神經核的作用)。瞭解了情緒與大腦的相關位置之後,下次再考慮個人的情緒經驗時,我們必須關心的將不只是引起情緒經驗的生活事件或外界環境的變異而已,還必須考慮所引發腦部相關位置的變化及個人間之差異了。</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">【</span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">資料來源</span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">楊延光</span><span style="color: grey;"> <span lang="EN-US">(2003)</span></span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。科學期刊</span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,<span lang="EN-US">367</span>期。】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-61037966012992228922011-02-22T14:29:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:39:25.773+08:00情緒理論<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #002060; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><b><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt;">情緒</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></b></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">情緒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #595959; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Emotion)</span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">,是一種直接的生理反應,也是我們透過詮釋後所產生的主觀經驗。情緒這個名詞可代表不同的意義,大多時候它被用來指稱特定情境下所產生的正負向感受,例如,受到不公平的待遇會讓我們感到生氣、看見某人的悲慘遭遇會令我們傷心難過、接近深愛的人會使我們開心快樂。情緒是由生理反應與典型行為組合而成的形態</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #595959; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(patterns)</span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">。人類的情緒反應</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #595959; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(responses)</span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">常伴隨著情緒感受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #595959; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(feelings)</span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">,我們也常使用情緒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #595959; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(emotion)</span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">來表達自己的感受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #595959; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(feelings)</span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">。</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">一、基本概念</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">情緒,壓力及精神異常,三者間常有著密切的關係,我們整個意識狀態</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(conscious)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">下的行為與經驗,均充滿了情緒性的行為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(emotional behavior)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,我們常說一個人冷靜,只代表他較能隱藏自己真正的情緒,及抑制自發性的動機行為。以下是與情緒有關的基本概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">情緒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Emotion)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:因外在刺激或內在的身體狀況,所引起個體的自覺的心理失衡現象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">情緒性反應</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Emotional reaction)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">因失衡狀態所引發個體的主觀感受</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">常見的包括喜、怒、哀、懼、愛、惡、欲等</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。除了主觀感受外,個體還有生理上的變化,例如:憤怒時心跳與血壓升高。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">情緒性行為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Emotional behavior)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:指行為的變化與產生起因於情緒因素者而稱之,會影響情緒變化的生理機制包括內分泌系統及神經系統,因此情緒性行為具有生理的基礎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_goLC9VYSkT4673rWPEHu9G97qiXxI9PYubz6CbO7luBuLrSkpSU3-8PJnGxQ5TTy0E-diwEwmQ5MG42UGWoJrZSc348Bw95L0YPQBYLnLd02O_MdjZKlT1BgUuFYxnsjPjy-lBU2CgQ/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_goLC9VYSkT4673rWPEHu9G97qiXxI9PYubz6CbO7luBuLrSkpSU3-8PJnGxQ5TTy0E-diwEwmQ5MG42UGWoJrZSc348Bw95L0YPQBYLnLd02O_MdjZKlT1BgUuFYxnsjPjy-lBU2CgQ/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b1.png" width="213" /></a><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">二、情緒的生理機制及相關理論</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(一) 達爾文演化論</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Darwin’s theory of the evolution of emotion)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">主張情緒是具有進化性的,有利於物種生存的情緒反應才被保留,因此目前我們所擁有的情緒反應,均是經過選擇的。例如,敵人的出現,引發我們自主神經系統的活動,心跳與血壓上昇,皮質醇分泌增加,使身體準備<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">打或逃的反應 </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(fight or flight)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,另一方面也呈現外顯的凶惡表情以及顯示具有防禦與攻擊姿勢的行為。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這些情緒反應與個體的生存有關,特別是引起防禦或攻擊反應,被認為是最核心的部份,其他類型的情緒反應,則可能源自一種相反<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">性的塑造過程。<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(二) 常識觀<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">心理學家發現一般人認定的情緒</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">稱為情緒的<span style="color: #c00000;">常識觀</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">) </span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">如右圖所示</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">:</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">有人看到大熊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(perception of bear)</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">,</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">隨即產生害怕的感受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(feeling of fear)</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">,</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">接著出現生理心理反應<span style="color: black;">。</span>例如:兩腳發抖、轉頭就跑。</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">但是有幾位心理學家經過實驗收集資料,提出兩種理論模式,根據其姓氏命名為:<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5135454793591040961&postID=6103796601299222892" name="OLE_LINK3"><span style="color: #c00000;">詹郎二氏</span></a></span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(James-Lange theories)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">、<span style="color: #c00000;">坎巴二氏</span></span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">( Cannon-Bard theories)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 細明體;">。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 2.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5135454793591040961&postID=6103796601299222892" name="OLE_LINK2"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">三</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">) </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">詹郎二氏</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(James-Lange theories) </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、坎巴二氏</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">( Cannon-Bard theories) </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">下圖表示兩種不同的情緒理論,但均提及自主神經系統與情緒的調控的關係。<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7x7W09EW8O1jZjzWUqALQAoMKHl2avTP1gSzfVZjQOloCoFQaTizzDlLQXXFTkvkFvkIEA0TftgnWEDaVqNfXx_5sl0UMM8g5x-c3UckTNos1OI9zitXaVuG7PPNJsbQrUVgyMMkwTY/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7x7W09EW8O1jZjzWUqALQAoMKHl2avTP1gSzfVZjQOloCoFQaTizzDlLQXXFTkvkFvkIEA0TftgnWEDaVqNfXx_5sl0UMM8g5x-c3UckTNos1OI9zitXaVuG7PPNJsbQrUVgyMMkwTY/s400/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b2.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">1.</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">詹郎二氏情緒論 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(James-Lange theory, 1884)</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">主張大腦會儲存情緒性經驗,當</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">腦部知覺到由情緒性刺激 (註:某一能引發情緒的刺激物,例如看到熊),即引發<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">自主神經及體神經系統</b>的活動,例如:神經系統催促肌肉產生發抖與逃跑行為,而逃跑的生理反應又加深了個體的情緒感受,也就是逃跑的行為促使人感受害怕。如右圖左半部所示:某人看到大熊就激發自律神經與體神經系統產生自發的心理生理反應,隨即覺察自己在發抖而開始感到害怕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">2. </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">坎巴二氏情緒論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Cannon-Bard theory, 1900 )</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">主張生理反應及情緒的感受是兩項平行的過程</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">不一定有前後順序或回饋的關係,如上圖右半部所示:某人看到大熊會同時感到害怕並產生心理生理反應。他們經由實徵資料觀察頸椎受傷的病人,雖然失去對自主神經及體神經系統的調控,但仍能保有整套的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">情緒經驗,因此認定情緒經驗的形成,不一定需要神經系統的回饋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">四</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">當代生理心理學觀點</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDRAb5NvSBrlADqBGPltH6bKMhyphenhyphenCWYiCZH6pxBHbkQIpla4JDjBBU2Ba_RIYS3-wdHvJv1coBYw_DAgDZ_tnG56VZDVlr-1satA9pRBd4SA5ZfEzK4wMf-Vcxip2UnB_0G_1Wc7HrafSo/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDRAb5NvSBrlADqBGPltH6bKMhyphenhyphenCWYiCZH6pxBHbkQIpla4JDjBBU2Ba_RIYS3-wdHvJv1coBYw_DAgDZ_tnG56VZDVlr-1satA9pRBd4SA5ZfEzK4wMf-Vcxip2UnB_0G_1Wc7HrafSo/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b3.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 2.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> 對情緒刺激的知覺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(perception)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、心理生理反應</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(physiological reaction)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">與情緒感受經驗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(feeling)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">三者間皆會相互影響</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">是一種彼此交互作用的迴路。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 2.5pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有關情緒的理論還有很多</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">如認知情緒論,情緒二元論等。目前較公認的看法如右圖所示:對情緒刺激的知覺,情緒經驗及由情緒所引發的生理反應,三者間存在著互動的關係,而整個神經系統均參與了這些互動關係。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c00000; font-family: 微軟正黑體, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 2.5pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; margin-bottom: 6pt;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">三、情緒種類與臉部表情</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(Emotions and Facial Expression)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwKLYwgbMrxPjoOM92o__CM0rbvr_JC1CBJ_XwDivv07e49A3voh7yYoemBft9_RMWi4WgVVs034k_BRdgf5tr3EDj4vtTZlR4Gy0f8ea2dhyRkvs3hf76N7UrZRJpn727MoEithSV78/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwKLYwgbMrxPjoOM92o__CM0rbvr_JC1CBJ_XwDivv07e49A3voh7yYoemBft9_RMWi4WgVVs034k_BRdgf5tr3EDj4vtTZlR4Gy0f8ea2dhyRkvs3hf76N7UrZRJpn727MoEithSV78/s400/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25285%2529_%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2590%2586%25E8%25AB%2596+b4.png" width="215" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">臉部表情的涵意具有普世皆同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(universal)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的一般性</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">而情緒的種類是多元的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">人的情緒可分為六種基本的主要情緒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(primary emotions)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">分別為驚訝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Surprise)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、生氣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Anger)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、厭惡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Disgust)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、害怕</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Fear)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、傷心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Sadness)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、快樂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Happiness)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">其他種類的情緒皆以這六種情緒混合而成。</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">四、中樞神經系統對情緒的影響</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #002060; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">1. </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">邊緣系統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Limbic system)</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> Papez</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">於西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">1937</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年所進行的研究</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">切除猴子的前額葉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(anterior temporal lobes)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">會引發克布二氏症候群</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Kluver-Bucy syndrome)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">即個體的性行為次數增加</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">甚至是與不適當對象</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">會大量進食</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">且呈現不斷重覆的探索行為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">最重要的是缺乏恐懼感。後期研究中發現克布二氏症候群與杏仁核</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(amygdale)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">破壞有關。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">2. </span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">大腦皮質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">(Cerebral cortex)</span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">大腦右半球</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">主要負責對面部表情的知覺,因此右半球被損傷則干擾較大,</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Kolb</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">於西元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">1988</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年發現前葉被損害後,將使病患的情緒反應減少,其他皮質部位的傷害亦會影響情緒的反應及表達。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">【資料來源:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey;">Biopsychology, John P.J. Pinel, 6<sup>th</sup> Edition., 2006.</span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-10178518687016251802011-02-22T14:25:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:38:46.804+08:00認識主導情緒產生的杏仁核<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="color: #3366ff; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">主導情緒產生的杏仁核(<span lang="EN-US">Amygdala</span>)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #6a6a6a; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">杏仁核(<span lang="EN-US">Amygdala</span>)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">位於腦底部,屬於邊緣系統的一部分,因為形狀類似杏仁而得名。主要功能為掌管焦慮、急躁、驚嚇及恐懼等負面情緒,故有「情緒中樞」或「恐懼中樞」之稱。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4iawXLTn3pBbEeILo_A8oWpeRwmAr59vmJ4_WbuNpA76dsLhUsxw0ng-rYIx7RU6lR184TzXeduM4FlV-mUHB1f7GiN2uB-UPg1QnUkpqLwQvHAEGJarG0AtrjUArrf6ky5-SzrS03W0/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25284%2529_%25E8%25AA%258D%25E8%25AD%2598%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E5%25B0%258E%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2594%25A2%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259D%258F%25E4%25BB%2581%25E6%25A0%25B8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4iawXLTn3pBbEeILo_A8oWpeRwmAr59vmJ4_WbuNpA76dsLhUsxw0ng-rYIx7RU6lR184TzXeduM4FlV-mUHB1f7GiN2uB-UPg1QnUkpqLwQvHAEGJarG0AtrjUArrf6ky5-SzrS03W0/s400/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25284%2529_%25E8%25AA%258D%25E8%25AD%2598%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E5%25B0%258E%25E6%2583%2585%25E7%25B7%2592%25E7%2594%25A2%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259D%258F%25E4%25BB%2581%25E6%25A0%25B8.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> 根據紐約大學神經科學家喬瑟夫<span lang="EN-US">‧</span>雷杜克斯(<span lang="EN-US">Joseph LeDoux</span>)的研究指出,經由感覺器官所接收到的訊息,會經由兩條獨立的路徑送達神經中樞處理:絕大部分的感官資訊都是直接傳送至<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">大腦皮質</b>處,經由數條迴路進行分析後,才會產生合理的反應;另外一條資訊傳遞途徑則會經由<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">間腦</b>,直接傳送至<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">杏仁核</b>,這種聯繫十分快速而直接,但常無法做出正確而精準的處理。由上述結果可推測,一旦面對突如其來的刺激時,也許大腦皮質還在努力針對各種感官資訊進行分析的時候,杏仁核早已搶在大腦弄清楚發生什麼事之前,就先用恐懼這一類的強烈情緒,來支配身體進行快速反應,例如菜鳥軍人常會在看到黑影晃過時,因為心生恐懼,不加思索就直接開槍。這種反應與理性無關,純粹是杏仁核接收資訊後的直接反射。某種層面來說應該是屬於一種保護機制,讓你在身體受到傷害之前就先做出反應。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">恐懼驚跳反應測試(<span lang="EN-US">fear potentiated startle test</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">恐懼驚跳反應測試(<span lang="EN-US">fear potentiated startle test</span>)是一個目前常用來研究恐懼記憶是否形成,及杏仁核功能是否正常的實驗方法,實驗步驟如下:先給予實驗動物一個制約刺激(<span lang="EN-US">conditioned stimulus, CS</span>),例如燈光;再搭配一個嫌惡性的非制約刺激(<span lang="EN-US">unconditioned stimulus, US</span>),例如足部電擊。經過連續性的配對訓練後,實驗動物會將兩種刺激連在一起,一後若給予制約刺激時,受測動物會出現心跳加速、血壓上升及呼吸變快等生 理變化,行為上也會表現出因為害怕而靜止不動的狀況,此時若再給予一個聲音刺激,此動物馬上會因驚嚇而向上跳起,經由跳起高度的實測值,即可判斷該動物的 恐懼記憶是否已形成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">與杏仁核有關的研究<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">科學家在比較正常和杏仁核受損老鼠的實驗結果後,發現杏仁核受損老鼠的驚跳高度值明顯低於正常老鼠;預先在老鼠腦中杏仁核處注射一些抑制其活性的藥物後, 所得到的實驗結果也類似杏仁核受損的老鼠,這些實驗動物都不會出現明顯的驚跳反應。由上述結果可得知,恐懼記憶的形成和恐懼記憶的表現都與杏仁核的功能正 常與否有直接的關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">也有許多證據顯示,恐懼記憶的形成和杏仁核內細胞是否能誘發出長期增益現象(<span lang="EN-US">long term potentiation, LTP</span>)有密切的相關。 <span lang="EN-US">LTP</span>主要會影響長期記憶,當兩個神經細胞同時被激發時,兩個神經細胞間的突觸強度會增強,造成兩個神經細胞強烈去極化,此去極化效果會持續數小時至數天,形成長期記憶效果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">經由電生理實驗測試發現,一般正常老鼠的杏仁核處,施以強直的電刺激之後,可以誘發出<span lang="EN-US">LTP</span>;若在施以強直電刺激之前,先給予抑制驚跳反應產生的藥物,則會抑制<span lang="EN-US">LTP</span>的產生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">與杏仁核有關的臨床證據<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">近年來,一些伴隨著情緒異常的精神疾病,也陸續被發現與杏仁核的體積或功能異常有關。<span lang="EN-US">Vermetten</span>等人利用核磁共振方式測量<span lang="EN-US">15</span>個人格分裂症女性病患以及<span lang="EN-US">23</span>個女性健康者的海馬迴及杏仁核體積,分析比較後發現此疾病的患者平均擁有較 健康者小<span lang="EN-US">19.2</span>%體積的海馬迴與小<span lang="EN-US">31.6</span>%體積的杏仁核,研究結果明顯指出人格分裂症病患會具有較小體積的海馬迴及杏仁核。<span lang="EN-US">Mosconi</span>等人也針對<span lang="EN-US">50</span>位患有自閉症與<span lang="EN-US">33</span>位健康的兒童進行核磁共振掃瞄研究,結果發現自閉症兒童的杏仁核有明顯的肥大現象。這些研究結果都顯示,一旦杏仁核體積出現異常的萎縮或肥大,患者將無法正常控制自己的情緒。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">另號稱新世紀三大疾病之一的憂鬱症,其部分病因也常是因為杏仁核的活化過度,不斷送出負面的情緒所導致。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">科學家還發現前額葉和杏仁核之間有神經聯繫,而其重要的功能在於<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">前額葉</b>可調節或關閉杏仁核的情緒反應。<span lang="EN-US">Davidson</span>等人的研究結果指出左、右兩側前額葉分別調節相反的兩種情緒,左側調節樂觀正面的快樂感覺,右側負責負面情緒如恐懼沮喪等。一般而言,當<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">左前額葉</b>活動時,除了會有興奮的感覺之外,還會抑制杏仁核的活性,降低負面情感的產生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有些憂鬱症患者即是因為左前額葉無法正常運作,杏仁核異常興奮不受抑制,反而導致患者完全墜入恐慌、害怕等典型、嚴重的憂鬱狀態。既然杏仁核和情緒反應的產生有直接的關聯,由杏仁核處下手,將是未來精神疾病治療的研究方向之一。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">心理學家也認為:努力做無關情緒的工作,這種忙碌的狀況可以讓杏仁核不會過度興奮,也會讓人暫時忘卻先前的不愉快。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">雷杜克斯(<span lang="EN-US">Joseph LeDoux</span>)也據此提出了一個發人深省的建議:下次在快要『爆發』的那個時刻,先想一下,緩一下,才不會因為一時衝動,犯下無法彌補的錯誤。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">【資料來源:高瞻計畫資源平台,林玟娟老師、陳俊宏教授】<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5135454793591040961.post-63127247914272626182011-02-22T14:22:00.001+08:002011-02-23T23:36:48.504+08:00神經系統<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16pt;">神經系統概述<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></b></div><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">一、神經系統(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Nervous System</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">神經系統可分為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">中樞神經系統</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">和</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">周圍神經系統,分別說明如下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">中樞神經系統(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Central nervous system</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFW9GZg8ZtNQ22T1acfmMLfVhxkzikSXpD01meIaJL10Lt41UNvivhywh_NOMLJLzm6JQFdwwcPS5JcXWElD8-gNYEk7laxHuIdhFUEzFoLKPUvd6LkrywgGPXgzx-xSUp3Jk9BqRFU7I/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFW9GZg8ZtNQ22T1acfmMLfVhxkzikSXpD01meIaJL10Lt41UNvivhywh_NOMLJLzm6JQFdwwcPS5JcXWElD8-gNYEk7laxHuIdhFUEzFoLKPUvd6LkrywgGPXgzx-xSUp3Jk9BqRFU7I/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a1.png" width="214" /></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">由大腦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Brain)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">與脊髓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Spinal Cord)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所組成,接受由感覺神經元所輸入的訊息,進而引導支配肌肉與腺體的運動神經元產生活動。腦與脊髓內的聯絡神經元,對於感覺刺激產生適當的運動反應,使其面對多變的外在環境也能維持體內的恒定。中樞神經系統也是擁有學習、記憶、情緒、思維、語言等其他複雜功能的場所。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">二</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">周圍神經系統(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Peripheral nervous system</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">由神經元組成,在中樞神經系統及遍佈於全身的器官之間提供訊息。可以由傳輸方向細分為兩個部份:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; mso-para-margin-left: 2.25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">傳入神經系統</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Afferent)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:從器官將感覺訊息及臟器訊息傳入至中樞神經系統。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; mso-para-margin-left: 2.25gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">輸出神經系統</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Efferent)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:從中樞神經系統傳送訊息到器官的神經末梢,此器官稱為作用器官</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Effector organ)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。作用器官通常為肌肉和腺體,接受由神經元傳來的指令後執行自己的功能。輸出神經系統可以由能否為意識控制再細分為:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUH0KylzYdXGbQcMMfy3mEb2nX-bkF0ucFcp-SmfFFRTysnCgwcp1DOd_gfRcR3gApa1KNq5NED3WPcrAEv96C_2fanVXwqNs_Tl6JLD-3aLuEYfsuzAsA_pBszbF0E-OLIS3i4m9Jt4/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUH0KylzYdXGbQcMMfy3mEb2nX-bkF0ucFcp-SmfFFRTysnCgwcp1DOd_gfRcR3gApa1KNq5NED3WPcrAEv96C_2fanVXwqNs_Tl6JLD-3aLuEYfsuzAsA_pBszbF0E-OLIS3i4m9Jt4/s400/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a2.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.25gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(1) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">軀體神經系統</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Somatic NS)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:由運動神經元所組成,能控制骨骼肌收縮。</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.05pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; mso-para-margin-left: 2.25gd; text-indent: -36.05pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> (2)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">自主神經系統</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Autonomic NS)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:分為交感神經系統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Sympathetic NS)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">和副交感神經系統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Parasympathetic NS)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,作用在心肌、平滑肌、腺體、腸內神經系統(影響腸胃道),兩者間有拮抗作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">二、神經系統的細胞</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(Cells of the Nervous System)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">神經元</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Neurons</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">人腦大約有十億個神經元,以電化學的方式傳遞訊息。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">神經元構造包含細胞體、樹突、軸突、軸丘、軸突末梢與突觸。下圖是<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5135454793591040961" name="OLE_LINK10">兩個神經元細胞間電化學傳遞訊息之示意圖</a>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 44.95pt; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; tab-stops: list 44.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> 1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">細胞體(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cell body, soma</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:這是神經元的膨大部分,內含細胞核及大部分的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">細胞質和胞器。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> 2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">樹突(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dendrite</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:從神經元細胞體的細胞質向外延伸的細小分支突起,是電衝動的接受區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">見右圖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,並將接受的電衝動傳至細胞體。</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIoKaXSw8pAEPHK3MZhVA8ucyYRhla_V-3HMjhGT3LrHOoVBaeOFxaZ3E658yfwQ7vnEniJfaByIwq-bcoHHNKyrLcFHMmYGdA29e13igdHzzRXXaG9YuLNurkyxfpXHsbUFSTUtm6cHI/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIoKaXSw8pAEPHK3MZhVA8ucyYRhla_V-3HMjhGT3LrHOoVBaeOFxaZ3E658yfwQ7vnEniJfaByIwq-bcoHHNKyrLcFHMmYGdA29e13igdHzzRXXaG9YuLNurkyxfpXHsbUFSTUtm6cHI/s400/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a3.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 44.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt left 9.0cm 297.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 44.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt left 297.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> 3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">軸突(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Axon</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:將衝動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">電位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">傳出細胞體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5135454793591040961" name="OLE_LINK8"><span style="color: red;">B</span></a>)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 44.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt left 297.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> 4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">軸丘(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Axon hillock</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:軸突源自靠近細胞體一側的錐形隆起,是神經衝動發生的起點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 44.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt left 297.7pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> 5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">軸突末梢(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Axon terminal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:釋放<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5135454793591040961" name="OLE_LINK7">神經傳導化學物質</a>,將神經衝動傳至另一個神經元的樹突。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 44.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 44.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> 6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">突觸(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Synapse</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:兩個神經元間或神經元與另一個作用器官間的小空隙。見左上圖,在神經元之內,訊息以電衝動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5135454793591040961" name="OLE_LINK9"><span style="color: blue;">A</span>--><span style="color: red;">B</span></a>)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">傳遞。當電衝動傳到神經元的軸突末梢時,會釋放神經傳導化學物質,在突觸的小空細隙,由下一個神經元的樹突接受,再產生電衝動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(<span style="color: blue;">A</span>--><span style="color: red;">B</span>)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">藉以傳達神經訊息。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">神經膠細胞(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Glial cells</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這是一種支持細胞(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">support cells</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。神經系統裡有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">90</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">%的細胞為神經膠細胞,提供不同種類的支持作用給神經元,包括構造和新成代謝的支持。其功能不是為直接的訊號傳遞,而是在神經系統內維持結構的完整性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">神經膠細胞有五種型態,右下圖示五種神經膠細胞的型態</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">星狀細胞(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Astrocytes</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CNS</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">中的一種神經膠細胞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> (glial cells)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。此種細胞會幫助神經元獲得養分,且刺激內皮細胞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(endothelial cells)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">間形成緊密連結</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> (tight junctions)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,而幫助血腦屏障的形成。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisO9GQB850KC7EyNbLJG2qoteLQTtRnpZWZjXYACMASwUfu2gulMzWrF5MZE3KNk4dy1MTsN3WSSSgdg2dB1VlDl25bRsB6FVJ-CVmfTKlY8KIVlUrremRW3aqa3PoEw6NdLReWDUouLw/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisO9GQB850KC7EyNbLJG2qoteLQTtRnpZWZjXYACMASwUfu2gulMzWrF5MZE3KNk4dy1MTsN3WSSSgdg2dB1VlDl25bRsB6FVJ-CVmfTKlY8KIVlUrremRW3aqa3PoEw6NdLReWDUouLw/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a4.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ependymal cell</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CNS</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">中的一種神經膠細胞,襯於腦腔及脊髓腔的細胞;且其亦會覆蓋微血管以形成脈絡叢-製造腦脊髓液的結構組織。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">微神經膠細胞(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Microglia</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:吞噬細胞。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: left;"><strong><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">寡樹突神經膠質細胞 (</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Oligodendrocyte<b>)</b></span><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">一種位於中樞神經系統中的神經膠細胞。在中樞神經系統中,其質膜</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">(</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">白質</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">)</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">會纏繞神經元的軸突,形成髓鞘。</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">許旺細胞(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Schwann cell</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在周圍神經系統中纏繞軸突以形成髓鞘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(myelin)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的一種神經膠質細胞;在軸突上,一個許旺細胞只形成一個髓鞘。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">神經元的構造種類(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Structural Classification of Neurons</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">):</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></span>神經元的構造分類是根據由細胞體延伸出來的突起數目加以分類,如下所述。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nBCwIbgKIJz5_3TbuhgRjlDTqvzMzy2elIn56d_-fS1E1yPRxugaNTm3MMl-XA7oByAqNxYCBGzInn82AoEqcBYaoXGr-rTiVGTSiA9I0GowdDm4c6usFTXxv6zsuGTzLOAJOBmjjNg/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nBCwIbgKIJz5_3TbuhgRjlDTqvzMzy2elIn56d_-fS1E1yPRxugaNTm3MMl-XA7oByAqNxYCBGzInn82AoEqcBYaoXGr-rTiVGTSiA9I0GowdDm4c6usFTXxv6zsuGTzLOAJOBmjjNg/s400/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a5.png" width="400" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">雙極神經元(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Bipolar</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:兩端各有一突起,樹突與軸突一樣長。例如:視網膜神經元</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">多極神經元(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Multipolar</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:最常見的神經元,一個軸突和多個樹突所組成。例如:運動神經元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">偽單極神經元(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pseudo-unipolar</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:有單一的短突起,由此再往兩邊分之形成一對較長的突起。例如:感覺神經元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">四</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">神經元的功能性分類(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Functional Classification of Neurons</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">輸出神經元(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Efferent neuron</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">輸出神經元是指負責將神經衝動由中樞神經系統(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Central nervous system</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CNS</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)傳向</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">作用器官(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Effector organ</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)的神經元。其包括了可延伸至骨骼肌的運動神經元(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Motor neuron</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),及自主神經系統(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Autonomic nervous system</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">輸入神經元(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Afferent neuron</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">輸出神經元是指負責將感覺受器(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sensory receptor</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)從外界接收到的感覺訊息或臟器受器(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Visceral receptor</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)從身體內部接收到的臟器訊息傳向中樞神經系統</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的神經元。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">中間神經元(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Interneuron</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:位於中樞神經系統中且佔全身神經元數目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">99%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的神經細胞。中間神經元表現</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CNS</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的所有機能,包括處理從輸入神經元傳來的感覺訊息,透過輸出神經元傳出對作用器官的指令,及實行複雜的機能像是思考、記憶、情緒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5YJCcjRyjS9sllxUqIrE1e72m9KV4CXiMgipbdGO_2kOpLJC4xJoxUYJx5Si0odlU2aICWE3-L5mPNBFc5gIoi12l8VBw_SAtaRsV2ltevkJevT9Gq2YhH8wn0KY7W-1fTF99zFZwSwU/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5YJCcjRyjS9sllxUqIrE1e72m9KV4CXiMgipbdGO_2kOpLJC4xJoxUYJx5Si0odlU2aICWE3-L5mPNBFc5gIoi12l8VBw_SAtaRsV2ltevkJevT9Gq2YhH8wn0KY7W-1fTF99zFZwSwU/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a6.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">如右圖所示,輸出神經元的周圍軸突(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Peripheral axon</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)位於</span><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">周圍神經系統(</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Peripheral nervous system</span><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">),但軸突末端位於</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">CNS</span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">。輸出神經元位於</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">CNS</span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">但其突觸位於作用器官。中間神經元位於</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">CNS</span></strong><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">可以互相溝通連結輸出神經元、輸入神經元、及其他中間神經元。</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">三、神經元的結構組織(</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Structural Organization of Neurons in the Nervous System</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">中樞神經系統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(CNS)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">裡神經元的細胞本體通常是聚集在一起的稱作神經核(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nuclei</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。而軸突形成一束則有路徑(</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Pathway</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)、通道(</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Tract</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)、連結處(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Commissure</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。在周圍神經系統裡神經元的細胞本體聚集成團,稱神經節(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ganglia</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。而軸突聚集成束則稱神經(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nerve</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">髓鞘的形成</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">先前</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所述的寡樹突神經膠質細胞</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">與</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">許旺細胞</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">為形成髓鞘的細胞。髓鞘的形成如右圖所示,是由</span><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">寡樹突神經膠質細胞及許旺細胞提供了細胞膜,形成一個同心圓層,包附在軸突上,使之絕緣。</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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</span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">蘭氏結(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Nodes of Ranvier</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvr5pSYdx-oHjvCkJIRXJ65KW5ouFNqLt_0VQWyVJYCEwQOJQCIc0HqGNWxXSxbMXKtC4zEHpK_cW6esRskMvrilHido6GlBFMeLCXD7Yil7SYMwGLfbSEFIzePnjeSGoLudiiZ9cORXU/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a8.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvr5pSYdx-oHjvCkJIRXJ65KW5ouFNqLt_0VQWyVJYCEwQOJQCIc0HqGNWxXSxbMXKtC4zEHpK_cW6esRskMvrilHido6GlBFMeLCXD7Yil7SYMwGLfbSEFIzePnjeSGoLudiiZ9cORXU/s320/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a8.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">如右圖與下圖所示,蘭氏結(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nodes of Ranvier</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)指包覆在軸突上的相鄰兩</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">髓<span style="color: black;">鞘間的空隙;此區域具有高密度的電壓閥鈉離子與鉀離子通道</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(voltage-gated channels)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,幫助動作電位的產生。</span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">四、動作電位(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Action Potentials</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">是一種在興奮性組織細胞膜上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">神經細胞或肌肉細胞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">傳遞的<span style="color: black;">一種為<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">全或無的電訊號</b></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> (electric signal)</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,又稱<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">神經衝動</span></b>。在神經元中,動作電位會隨著身體細胞的軸突傳至軸突末端,或是輸入神經元,由接受處傳至其末端。動作電位的特徵為在發生期間會先有一段乏興奮期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(refractory period)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,接著會持續並沿著細胞膜進行傳導,但是傳導幅度不會遞減,而刺激強度<span style="color: black;">只會</span>影響動作電位發生的頻率</span><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-weight: normal;">。</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在一次動作電位中,一個大且迅速的去極化現象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Depolarization)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">發生,使得細胞膜兩極電性顛倒,也就是膜電位在短時間內帶正電。事實上,膜電位自靜止電位約</span><st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="70" tcsc="0" unitname="m" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">-70m</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">v</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">改變至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">+<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="30" tcsc="0" unitname="m" w:st="on">30m</st1:chmetcnv>v</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">是很快的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">大約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">毫秒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。一旦開始,動作電位不同於分極電位,是可以隨著軸突長度在不損失力量下進行長距離的傳遞。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">動作電位的離子基本組成</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(Ionic Basis of Action Potential):<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一個神經元中產生的動作電位由三個階段組成:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">如下圖所示,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">階段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:迅速去極化是由於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的通透性快速增加導致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">進入細胞。階段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:再極化是因為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的通透性緩慢增加,使得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的運動和靜止時相較起來較快。階段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:後過極化是由於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">不斷流出細胞外所造成。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.77; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">去極化</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Depolarization)</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">第一階段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(phase 1)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的動作電位是個迅速的去極化現象,在此期間動作電位會從靜止電位</span><st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="70" tcsc="0" unitname="m" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">-70m</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">v</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">改變至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">+<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="30" tcsc="0" unitname="m" w:st="on">30m</st1:chmetcnv>v</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。此去極化現象是由於進入細胞的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">運動增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以減少電化學梯度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的通透性突然大增所造成。隨著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的通透性高於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,細胞膜電位便接近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">之平衡膜電位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">+<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="60" tcsc="0" unitname="m" w:st="on">60m</st1:chmetcnv>v</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。雖然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的運動造成的膜電位改變很大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="100" tcsc="0" unitname="m" w:st="on">100m</st1:chmetcnv>v)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,但實際上通過細胞膜去產生電位改變的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在數量上和在細胞內、外液相較下為少。因此,在那些液體中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的連續性並沒有明顯改變。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdvLH8BDv91Ncf-2p-0b9i1m0ZDUinVZZWqZrnUZUYYqtMH4WF7ojaGxuQxPOHYZnxJ2SzoJUDVTeB7GkrQ2OIQxskgmDsZ2ytu9IjZR3j28qq1mBndIR_wACwM_i1yhlx6PL2gz7omIk/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a10.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdvLH8BDv91Ncf-2p-0b9i1m0ZDUinVZZWqZrnUZUYYqtMH4WF7ojaGxuQxPOHYZnxJ2SzoJUDVTeB7GkrQ2OIQxskgmDsZ2ytu9IjZR3j28qq1mBndIR_wACwM_i1yhlx6PL2gz7omIk/s1600/%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%259C%25AC%25281%2529_%25E7%25A5%259E%25E7%25B6%2593%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1+a10.png" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">再極化</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Repolarization)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.75gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">動作電位的第二階段是膜電位由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">+30mv</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">回至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">-70mv</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的再極化現象。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的通透性增加後,一毫秒內通透性便又快速下降以減少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的流入。而在同時,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的通透性增加,接著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">降低細胞外電化學梯度,再極化膜電位使其回到靜止層。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">後過極化</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(After-hyperpolarization)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.75gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">第三階段為後過極化。當膜電位回到靜止膜電位時,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的通透性仍為高且持續一短暫時間</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(5~15</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">毫秒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,因而造成了後過極化。在此期間膜電位變得更較達到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的平衡電位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(-94mv)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">時為負。如同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Na<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">運動,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在再極化及後過極化的運動為小,所以對於胞內、外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">K<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的連續性改變並不顯著。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; word-break: break-all;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">動作電位遵循<span style="color: black;">全有或全無原則</span>:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">若刺激不大,使膜電位去極化效應未能達到閾值時,膜電位會馬上經再極化而消失,不會引起神經衝動(即動作電位);若刺激夠強,以致膜電位去極化而達到閾值,神經元就會產生神經衝動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">神經衝動的大小與去極化的強度無關,只要有足夠強度達到閾值之去極化刺激,便激發神經衝動產生,若刺激再強也只產生大小相同的神經衝動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">要達到動作電位的最高點,不是靠去極化刺激的強度,而是靠電化學梯度,像是鈉離子、鉀離子相對的強度,以及那些離子間通過細胞膜的相對通透性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">【資料來源:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Germann, W. J. & Stanfield, C. L. 2005. Principle of Human Physiology (2<sup>nd</sup>). Publishing as Benjamin Cummings.</span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: grey; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>iedhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03710570055847582660noreply@blogger.com0